ArticleNutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.)2021
How gender norms affect anemia in select villages in rural Odisha, India: A qualitative study.
Article in Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers.
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30 citing papers in PubMed, 53 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Do disempowered bodies risk anaemia? Evidence from married women in Assam's Sixth Schedule areas of Northeast India.Global health action · 2026Article
- Phase Angle and Extracellular Water-to-Total Body Water Ratio Measured by Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis Are Associated with Anemia and Hemoglobin Levels in Women with Type 2 Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Study.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Article
- How gender norms and interpersonal communication are associated with gender-based violence attitudes and intentions to intervene: Secondary outcome findings from Odisha, India.Journal of public health research · 2025Article
- Prevalence and Risk Factors of Iron Deficiency and Iron Deficiency Anemia in Preschool Children of China: A Prospective Observational Study.Food science & nutrition · 2025Article
- Socio-Epidemiological Correlates of Anemia Among Non-Pregnant Females of East and West Uttar Pradesh, India: A NFHS-5 Secondary Data Analysis Highlighting the Need for Precision Public Policy.Public health challenges · 2025Article
- Getting back on track to meet global anaemia reduction targets: a Lancet Haematology Commission.The Lancet. Haematology · 2025Review
- Widow and Widower Mortality in India: A Research Note.Demography · 2025Article
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- An approach to Hemequity: Identifying the barriers and facilitators of iron deficiency reduction strategies in low- to middle-income countries.British journal of haematology · 2025Article
- Unveiling the hidden story of anemia among Indian Muslim women: a comprehensive analysis from 1998 to 2021.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
- Article
- Analysis of prevalence, years lived with disability, and trends of anemia burden and main causes in China.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Article
- Sex- and gender-based medicine in pediatric nutrition.Italian journal of pediatrics · 2024Review
- Social Norms: A Missing Ingredient of Programs Seeking to Foster Women's Agency in Nutrition.Current developments in nutrition · 2024Article
- Article
- Impact of a virtual antenatal intervention for improved diet and iron intake in Kapilvastu district, Nepal - the VALID randomized controlled trial.Frontiers in nutrition · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundIn India, 50% of women of reproductive age, compared with 23% of men, have iron deficiency anemia. Extant research focuses on biological, not social, determinants of this disparity.
objectivesThe aim of this study was to examine how gender norms may affect anemia prevalence among women in rural India.
methodsWe conducted 16 focus group discussions (N = 124) with women of reproductive age, husbands, and mothers-in-law and 25 key informant interviews in four villages in Odisha, India.
resultsWe identified the following themes that help explain how inequitable gender norms exacerbate anemia among women from different castes and tribes: Due to a double burden of work outside the home and completing the majority of unpaid work in the home, women lack time to visit health centers to get tested for anemia and to obtain iron supplements. Women are expected to prioritize the health of their family over their own, thus affecting their access to health care. Women's autonomy to leave the house to seek health care is limited. Men are the primary breadwinners for the family, but often spend their money on alcohol, rather than on iron-rich food for the household. Intra-household food allocation favors men, in-laws, and children, thus women serve their family first, often being left with little food.
conclusionAnemia reduction interventions need to include examination of the whole social context to successfully increase iron supplement use and iron-rich food intake. Understanding how gender norms contribute to anemia could change the narrative from a biomedical to a social justice issue.
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