ArticleAnesthesiology2021
Forebrain Acetylcholine Modulates Isoflurane and Ketamine Anesthesia in Adult Mice.
Article in Anesthesiology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 19 citations in OpenAlex.
- Windows to Consciousness: The Role of Fronto-Parietal Connectivity in Anesthesia-Induced Unconsciousness.Current neuropharmacology · 2026Review
- Orexinergic projections to substantia innominata mediate arousal and analgesia.British journal of anaesthesia · 2025Article
- Effects of individual characteristics and seasonality and their interaction on ectoparasite load of Daurian ground squirrels in Inner Mongolia, China.International journal for parasitology. Parasites and wildlife · 2024Article
- Neural Network Mechanisms Underlying General Anesthesia: Cortical and Subcortical Nuclei.Neuroscience bulletin · 2024Review
- Mutation of novel ethanol-responsive lncRNA Gm41261 impacts ethanol-related behavioral responses in mice.Genes, brain, and behavior · 2024Article
- Recent advances in the study of anesthesia-and analgesia-related mechanisms of S-ketamine.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2023Review
- Review
- Medial Septum Modulates Consciousness and Psychosis-Related Behaviors Through Hippocampal Gamma Activity.Frontiers in neural circuits · 2022Review
- Consciousness, Anesthesia, and Acetylcholine.Anesthesiology · 2021Article
- Cholinergic Modulation of General Anesthesia.Current neuropharmacology · 2021Article
- Inactivation of Prefrontal Cortex Delays Emergence From Sevoflurane Anesthesia.Frontiers in systems neuroscience · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundCholinergic drugs are known to modulate general anesthesia, but anesthesia responses in acetylcholine-deficient mice have not been studied. It was hypothesized that mice with genetic deficiency of forebrain acetylcholine show increased anesthetic sensitivity to isoflurane and ketamine and decreased gamma-frequency brain activity.
methodsMale adult mice with heterozygous knockdown of vesicular acetylcholine transporter in the brain or homozygous knockout of the transporter in the basal forebrain were compared with wild-type mice. Hippocampal and frontal cortical electrographic activity and righting reflex were studied in response to isoflurane and ketamine doses.
resultsThe loss-of-righting-reflex dose for isoflurane was lower in knockout (mean ± SD, 0.76 ± 0.08%, n = 18, P = 0.005) but not knockdown (0.78 ± 0.07%, n = 24, P = 0.021), as compared to wild-type mice (0.83 ± 0.07%, n = 23), using a significance criterion of P = 0.017 for three planned comparisons. Loss-of-righting-reflex dose for ketamine was lower in knockout (144 ± 39 mg/kg, n = 14, P = 0.006) but not knockdown (162 ± 32 mg/kg, n = 20, P = 0.602) as compared to wild-type mice (168 ± 24 mg/kg, n = 21). Hippocampal high-gamma (63 to 100 Hz) power after isoflurane was significantly lower in knockout and knockdown mice compared to wild-type mice (isoflurane-dose and mouse-group interaction effect, F[8,56] = 2.87, P = 0.010; n = 5 to 6 mice per group). Hippocampal high-gamma power after ketamine was significantly lower in both knockout and knockdown mice when compared to wild-type mice (interaction effect F[2,13] = 6.06, P = 0.014). The change in frontal cortical gamma power with isoflurane or ketamine was not statistically different among knockout, knockdown, and wild-type mice.
conclusionsThese findings suggest that forebrain cholinergic neurons modulate behavioral sensitivity and hippocampal gamma activity during isoflurane and ketamine anesthesia. EDITOR’S PERSPECTIVE:
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.