ReviewFrontiers in cell and developmental biology2021
Overcoming Chemoresistance: Altering pH of Cellular Compartments by Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine.
Review in Frontiers in cell and developmental biology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 42 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
42 citing papers in PubMed, 67 citations in OpenAlex.
- Multi-Target Antitumor Effects of Natural Products and Approved Drug Repurposing in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Advances in Mechanisms, Combination Regimens, Delivery System Optimization, and Clinical Challenges.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Autophagy Modulation in Cancer Therapy: Navigating the Dual Roles to Overcome Chemoresistance.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Targeting lysosome-dependent cell death in cancer: towards therapeutic strategies.Biomarker research · 2026Review
- Article
- Extracellular vesicles as regulators of chemotherapy resistance in oral squamous cell carcinoma.Discover oncology · 2026Review
- Molecular frontiers of fungal autophagy: from molecular mechanisms to potential targets for antifungal drug discovery.World journal of microbiology & biotechnology · 2026Review
- Photocaged Chloroquine Derivatives for the Light-Dependent Inhibition of Autophagy in Cancer Stem Cells.ACS chemical biology · 2026Article
- Chemoresistance: The hidden barrier in cancer treatment.Cancer pathogenesis and therapy · 2026Review
- Targeting Lysosomes for Enhanced Anti-Cancer Therapeutics and Immune Response.International journal of biological sciences · 2026Review
- Zn-IMP 3D Coordination Polymers for Drug Delivery: Crystal Structure and Computational Studies.Polymers · 2025Article
- Autophagy-Related Proteins Influence Mouse Epididymal Sperm Motility.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells with a C9orf72 expansion as a model to study frontotemporal dementia pathologies.Molecular biology of the cell · 2025Article
- Lysosome as a Chemical Reactor.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Article
- Repurposing Antimalarials for Oral Cancer: Selective Efficacy of Hydroxychloroquine on Gingival Squamous Cell Carcinoma.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Article
- Small RNA and Toll-like receptor interactions: origins and disease mechanisms.Trends in biochemical sciences · 2025Review
- Article
- Inhibition of autophagy in platelets as a therapeutic strategy preventing hypoxia induced thrombosis.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Hydroxychloroquine's diverse targets: a new frontier in precision medicine.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Resistance to the anti-cancer effects of chemotherapeutic agents (chemoresistance) is a major issue for people living with cancer and their providers. A diverse set of cellular and inter-organellar signaling changes have been implicated in chemoresistance, but it is still unclear what processes lead to chemoresistance and effective strategies to overcome chemoresistance are lacking. The anti-malaria drugs, chloroquine (CQ) and its derivative hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) are being used for the treatment of various cancers and CQ and HCQ are used in combination with chemotherapeutic drugs to enhance their anti-cancer effects. The widely accepted anti-cancer effect of CQ and HCQ is their ability to inhibit autophagic flux. As diprotic weak bases, CQ and HCQ preferentially accumulate in acidic organelles and neutralize their luminal pH. In addition, CQ and HCQ acidify the cytosolic and extracellular environments; processes implicated in tumorigenesis and cancer. Thus, the anti-cancer effects of CQ and HCQ extend beyond autophagy inhibition. The present review summarizes effects of CQ, HCQ and proton pump inhibitors on pH of various cellular compartments and discuss potential mechanisms underlying their pH-dependent anti-cancer effects. The mechanisms considered here include their ability to de-acidify lysosomes and inhibit autophagosome lysosome fusion, to de-acidify Golgi apparatus and secretory vesicles thus affecting secretion, and to acidify cytoplasm thus disturbing aerobic metabolism. Further, we review the ability of these agents to prevent chemotherapeutic drugs from accumulating in acidic organelles and altering their cytosolic concentrations.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.