ArticleBritish journal of pain2021
Considerations for multi-centre conditioned pain modulation (CPM) research; an investigation of the inter-rater reliability, level of agreement and confounders for the Achilles tendon and Triceps Surae.
Article in British journal of pain, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Effects of 4-Week Treadmill Running at Different Intensities on Exercise-Induced Hypoalgesia and Endogenous Pain Modulation in Healthy Individuals.Pain research & management · 2026Trial
- Somatosensory processing is altered in people with hip osteoarthritis compared to controls: A cross-sectional study.British journal of pain · 2026Article
- Reliability of Pressure Pain Threshold (PPT) and Conditioned Pain Modulation (CPM) in Participants with and without Chronic Shoulder Pain.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Article
- Assessment and monitoring of Achilles tendinopathy in clinical practice: a qualitative descriptive exploration of the barriers clinicians face.BMJ open sport & exercise medicine · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveThis study aimed to investigate the inter-rater reliability of the conditioned pain modulation (CPM) effect.
methodsThe reliability between two examiners assessing the CPM effect via pressure pain thresholds and induced using the cold pressor test of 28 healthy volunteers at the mid-portion Achilles tendon (AT) and Triceps Surae musculotendinous junction was performed. Reliability was calculated using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Confounders were assessed using multivariable generalised estimating equations (GEEs). Bias in the level of agreement was assumed if the confidence intervals (CIs) of the mean difference in Bland-Altman plots did not cross the line of equality.
resultsThe inter-rater reliability of the CPM effect was poor to moderate in the AT (ICC 95% CI = 0.00-0.66) and Triceps Surae (ICC 95% CI = 0.00-0.69). However, when accounting for confounders within the GEE, there were no differences between testers and Bland-Altman plots reported good agreement between testers. Habitual completion of running-related physical activity was a confounder for both the AT parallel-paradigm (p = 0.017) and sequential-paradigm (p = 0.029). Testing order was a confounder for the AT (p = 0.023) and Triceps Surae (p = 0.014) parallel-paradigm.
conclusionThis study suggests the CPM effect may be site specific (i.e. differences between the AT and Triceps Surae exist). In addition, differences in the reliability between examiners are likely due to the influence of confounders and not examiner technique and therefore appropriate analysis should be used in research investigating the CPM effect.
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