ReviewFrontiers in neuroscience2021
Glymphatic System as a Gateway to Connect Neurodegeneration From Periphery to CNS.
Review in Frontiers in neuroscience, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 63 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
63 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 100 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Glymphatic Dysfunction and Aquaporin-4 Dysregulation in Traumatic Brain Injury and Brain Tumors: A Review.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- Exploring Lymphovenous Anastomosis for Alzheimer Disease: Addressing Brain Lymphatic Dysfunction, Feasibility, and Outcome Metrics.Plastic and reconstructive surgery · 2026Review
- Mechanistic insights into the liver-brain axis during chronic liver disease.Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology · 2026Review
- Aquaporin dysfunction and impaired brain interstitial fluid clearance in Alzheimer's disease - an integrative review.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2026Review
- Exercise-induced modulation of astrocyte in Alzheimer's disease: mechanisms and therapeutic implications.Frontiers in physiology · 2026Review
- Clearance mechanisms of the glymphatic/lymphatic system in the brain: new therapeutic perspectives for cognitive impairment.Cognitive neurodynamics · 2025Review
- Review
- Cervical Oculopathy: The Cervical Spine Etiology of Visual Symptoms and Eye Diseases-A Hypothesis Exploring Mechanisms Linking the Neck and the Eye.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- The emerging role of biomaterial applications in cerebral lymphatic surgical interventions: A narrative review.Biomaterials and biosystems · 2025Review
- The Role of Aquaporin-4 in Freezing of Gait and Dynamic Balance Learning in Parkinson's Disease.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Exosomal Non-Coding RNAs as Potential Biomarkers for Alzheimer's Disease: Advances and Perspectives in Translational Research.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Morphology of the glymphatic and meningeal lymphatic structures of the bottlenose dolphin.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Glymphatic dysfunction evidenced by DTI-ALPS is related to obstructive sleep apnea intensity in newly diagnosed Parkinson's disease.NPJ Parkinson's disease · 2025Article
- Structural and functional brain correlates of the neutrophil- and monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio in neuropsychiatric disorders.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2025Article
- Glymphatic system dysfunction in cerebral infarction: advances and perspectives based on DTI-derived ALPS measures.American journal of translational research · 2025Review
- Targeting autophagy in astrocytes: a potential for neurodegenerative disease intervention.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2025Review
- Revolutionizing Neuroimmunology: Unraveling Immune Dynamics and Therapeutic Innovations in CNS Disorders.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Evaluation of the Glymphatic System in Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorder Using Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Measurement of Brain Macromolecule and Diffusion Tensor Image Analysis Along the Perivascular Space Index.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2024Article
- Ammonia-induced stress response in liver disease progression and hepatic encephalopathy.Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology · 2024Review
3 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The classic concept of the absence of lymphatic vessels in the central nervous system (CNS), suggesting the immune privilege of the brain in spite of its high metabolic rate, was predominant until recent times. On the other hand, this idea left questioned how cerebral interstitial fluid is cleared of waste products. It was generally thought that clearance depends on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Not long ago, an anatomically and functionally discrete paravascular space was revised to provide a pathway for the clearance of molecules drained within the interstitial space. According to this model, CSF enters the brain parenchyma along arterial paravascular spaces. Once mixed with interstitial fluid and solutes in a process mediated by aquaporin-4, CSF exits through the extracellular space along venous paravascular spaces, thus being removed from the brain. This process includes the participation of perivascular glial cells due to a sieving effect of their end-feet. Such draining space resembles the peripheral lymphatic system, therefore, the term "glymphatic" (glial-lymphatic) pathway has been coined. Specific studies focused on the potential role of the glymphatic pathway in healthy and pathological conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases. This mainly concerns Alzheimer's disease (AD), as well as hemorrhagic and ischemic neurovascular disorders; other acute degenerative processes, such as normal pressure hydrocephalus or traumatic brain injury are involved as well. Novel morphological and functional investigations also suggested alternative models to drain molecules through perivascular pathways, which enriched our insight of homeostatic processes within neural microenvironment. Under the light of these considerations, the present article aims to discuss recent findings and concepts on nervous lymphatic drainage and blood-brain barrier (BBB) in an attempt to understand how peripheral pathological conditions may be detrimental to the CNS, paving the way to neurodegeneration.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.