ArticleDose-response : a publication of International Hormesis Society
Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines at Ultra-Low Dose Exert Anti-Inflammatory Effect In Vitro: A Possible Mode of Action Involving Sub-Micron Particles?
Article in Dose-response : a publication of International Hormesis Society. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed.
- Perspective: Personalized Management of Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress in Post-Exercise Recovery with a Particular Emphasis on the Potential of Micro-Immunotherapy.Sports (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- In Vitro Effects of the Three Actives IL-12 (5 CH), IFN-γ (6 CH), and TNF-α (5 CH) from the Micro-Immunotherapy Medicine 2LEID-NCurrent issues in molecular biology · 2026Article
- HepG2 cells stimulated by THP-1-conditioned medium: a potential in vitro model of systemic inflammation-induced hepatic alterations.Molecular biology reports · 2026Article
- Evaluating the Efficacy of Sequential Microimmunotherapy Medicine on Early and Established Postmenopausal Osteoporosis Rat Model.Journal of osteoporosis · 2026Article
- Active Substances from the Micro-Immunotherapy Medicine 2LMIREG Display Antioxidative Properties In Vitro in Two Colorectal Cancer Cell Lines.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Active Substances from the Micro-Immunotherapy Medicine 2LC1International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Understanding the Mode of Action of Several Active Ingredients from the Micro-Immunotherapy Medicine 2LZONAJournal of inflammation research · 2025Article
- In Vitro Anti-inflammatory Effects of Larch Turpentine, Turpentine Oil, Eucalyptus Oil, and Their Mixture as Contained in a Marketed Ointment.Planta medica · 2024Article
- Exploring the Potential of Micro-Immunotherapy in the Treatment of Periodontitis.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- The Micro-Immunotherapy Medicine 2LPAPICancers · 2024Article
- In Vitro Study of Interleukin-6 when Used at Low Dose and Ultra-Low Dose in Micro-Immunotherapy.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Understanding the Mode of Action of a Micro-Immunotherapy Formulation: Pre-Clinical Evidence from the Study of 2LEBVLife (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Actives from the Micro-Immunotherapy Medicine 2LMIREGJournal of inflammation research · 2024Article
- A Sequential Micro-Immunotherapy Medicine Increases Collagen Deposition in Human Gingival Fibroblasts and in an Engineered 3D Gingival Model under Inflammatory Conditions.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- How an Immune-Factor-Based Formulation of Micro-Immunotherapy Could Interfere with the Physiological Processes Involved in the Atopic March.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- A Micro-Immunotherapy Sequential Medicine MIM-seq Displays Immunomodulatory Effects on Human Macrophages and Anti-Tumor Properties towards In Vitro 2D and 3D Models of Colon Carcinoma and in an In Vivo Subcutaneous Xenograft Colon Carcinoma Model.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- The Unitary Micro-Immunotherapy Medicine Interferon-γ (4 CH) Displays Similar Immunostimulatory and Immunomodulatory Effects than Those of Biologically Active Human Interferon-γ on Various Cell Types.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Special Focus on the Cellular Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Several Micro-Immunotherapy Formulations: Considerations Regarding Intestinal-, Immune-Axis-Related- and Neuronal-Inflammation Contexts.Journal of inflammation research · 2022Article
- The Micro-Immunotherapy Medicine 2LEID Exhibits an Immunostimulant Effect by Boosting Both Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Article
- BMP4 micro-immunotherapy increases collagen deposition and reduces PGE2 release in human gingival fibroblasts and increases tissue viability of engineered 3D gingiva under inflammatory conditions.Journal of periodontology · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
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Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) are pro-inflammatory cytokines involved in acute and chronic inflammatory diseases. Indeed, immunotherapy blocking these 2 cytokines has been developed. Micro-immunotherapy (MI) also uses ultra-low doses (ULD) of pro-inflammatory cytokines, impregnated on lactose-sucrose pillules, to counteract their overexpression. The study has been conducted with 2 objectives: examine the anti-inflammatory effect in vitro and the capacity of 2 unitary medicines, TNF-α (27 CH) and IL-1β (27 CH), to reduce the secretion of TNF-α in human primary monocytes and THP-1 cells differentiated with phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate, after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure; then, investigate the presence of particles possibly containing starting materials using tunable resistive pulse sensing technique. The results show that the unitary medicines, tested at 3 pillules concentrations (5.5, 11 and 22 mM), have reduced the secretion of TNF-α in both models by about 10-20% vs. vehicle control, depending on concentration. In this exploratory study, particles (150-1000 nm) have been detected in MI ULD-impregnated pillules and a hypothesis for MI medicines mode of action has been proposed. Conscious that more evaluations are necessary, authors are cautious in the conclusions because the findings described in the study are still limited, and future investigations may lead to different hypothesis.
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