ReviewMedical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research2021
Historical Insight into Infections and Disorders Associated with Neurological and Psychiatric Sequelae Similar to Long COVID.
Review in Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 59 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
59 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 118 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sequelae of COVID-19 among previously hospitalized patients up to 1 year after discharge: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Infection · 2022Pooled it
- Hyperbaric oxygen therapy improves neurocognitive functions and symptoms of post-COVID condition: randomized controlled trial.Scientific reports · 2022Trial
- Effects of hyperbaric oxygen therapy on functional and structural connectivity in post-COVID-19 condition patients: A randomized, sham-controlled trial.NeuroImage. Clinical · 2022Trial
- Post-Infectious Syndromes in the Post-Pandemic Phase Among the German General Population.Deutsches Arzteblatt international · 2026Observational
- Acute COVID-19 severity and impaired cognitive function up to 32 months after diagnosis: an observational study.BMC medicine · 2026Observational
- Article
- Long-term effects on physical and mental health and work ability after COVID-19 versus other upper respiratory infections.BMC public health · 2026Article
- From HIV to SARS-CoV-2 associated neurological disorder ("HAND" to "SAND"): Viral infection as a "time-bomb" for the aging brain.Neuroscience applied · 2026Review
- How a long COVID rehabilitation intervention works: refining its programme theory through a realist-informed qualitative study.BMC health services research · 2025Article
- The rise of historical epigenomics and temporal analysis of gene regulation.Genome biology · 2025Review
- Clinical Phenotyping of Long COVID Patients Evaluated in a Specialized Neuro-COVID Clinic.Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2025Article
- Investigating the frequency of tick-borne infections in a case series of 37 youth diagnosed with pediatric bipolar disorder.Frontiers in child and adolescent psychiatry · 2025Article
- Direct effects of prolonged TNF-α and IL-6 exposure on neural activity in human iPSC-derived neuron-astrocyte co-cultures.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2025Article
- Global burden of diphtheria, 1990-2021: a 204-country analysis of socioeconomic inequality based on SDI and DTP3 vaccination differences before and after the COVID-19 pandemic (GBD 2021).Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Postacute Sequelae of COVID (PASC or Long COVID): An Evidenced-Based Approach.Open forum infectious diseases · 2024Review
- Social impact of brain fog and analysis of risk factors: Long COVID in Japanese population.Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2024Article
- Long COVID science, research and policy.Nature medicine · 2024Review
- Review
- High prevalence of cardiac post-acute sequelae in patients recovered from Covid-19. Results from the ARCA post-COVID study.International journal of cardiology. Cardiovascular risk and prevention · 2024Article
- Prevalences and Interrelationships of Post COVID-19 Fatigue, Sleep Disturbances, and Depression in Healthy Young and Middle-Aged Adults.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Long-term sequelae of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) due to infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are now recognized. However, there is still a lack of consensus regarding the terminology for this emerging chronic clinical syndrome, which includes long COVID, chronic COVID syndrome, post-COVID-19 syndrome, post-acute COVID-19, and long-hauler COVID-19. In this review, I will use the term "long COVID". A review of the medical history and epidemiology of past pandemics and epidemics in modern literature review identifies common long-term post-infectious disorders, with the common finding of altered cognition. In the brain, the cerebral hypoxia induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection may be caused by mitochondrial dysfunction, resulting in "brain fog". Historically, the common symptom of altered cognition has been reported during earlier pandemics, which include the influenza pandemics of 1889 and 1892 (Russian flu), the Spanish flu pandemic (1918-1919), encephalitis lethargica, diphtheria, and myalgic encephalomyelitis (chronic fatigue syndrome or post-viral fatigue syndrome). There are similarities between chronic fatigue syndrome and the "brain fog" described in long COVID. During past viral epidemics and pandemics, a commonality of neural targets may have increased viral survival by conformational matching. The neurological and psychiatric sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection, or long COVID, may have emerged from neural effects that have emerged from an invertebrate and vertebrate virosphere. This review aims to present a historical overview of infections and disorders associated with neurological and psychiatric sequelae that have shown similarities with long COVID.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.