ArticleThyroid research2021
Malignancy risk of hyperfunctioning thyroid nodules compared with non-toxic nodules: systematic review and a meta-analysis.
Article in Thyroid research, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 41 citations in OpenAlex.
- The EANM guideline on radioiodine therapy of benign thyroid disease.European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging · 2023Guideline
- Malignancy Risk Within Hyperfunctioning Thyroid Nodules: Clinicopathologic Features and Diagnostic Implications.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Evaluation and Management of Thyroid Nodules: A Joint Consensus Statement From the British Thyroid Association (BTA), British Association of Endocrine and Thyroid Surgeons (BAETS) and Collaborating Bodies.Clinical endocrinology · 2026Article
- Malignancy in toxic thyroid adenoma: Revisiting risk assessment and identifying predictors.European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · 2026Article
- A case series and literature review of thyroid cancer presenting with thyroid hot nodule.SAGE open medical case reports · 2026Article
- Papillary thyroid carcinoma in a hyperfunctioning autonomous nodule : A diagnostic paradox challenging clinical guidelines.Caspian journal of internal medicine · 2026Article
- Development of medullary thyroid carcinoma on a toxic nodule: about an exceptional case.Oxford medical case reports · 2025Article
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- A Rare Case of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma in Marine-Lehnhart Syndrome-Indication for Biopsy of Hot Thyroid Nodules?JCEM case reports · 2024Article
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- Epidemiological exploration of the impact of bluetooth headset usage on thyroid nodules using Shapley additive explanations method.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- High Malignancy Risk and Its Predictors in South Indian Patients With Bethesda II Thyroid Nodules.Cureus · 2024Article
- A clinical practice review of percutaneous ethanol injection for thyroid nodules: state of the art for benign, cystic lesions.Gland surgery · 2024Review
- Autonomously functioning thyroid nodules present intermediate malignancy risk according to European Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (EU-TIRADS) and yield indeterminate cytology results.European thyroid journal · 2023Article
- Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling and development of papillary thyroid carcinoma in thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor D633H knockin mice.European thyroid journal · 2023Article
- Multi-Omics and Management of Follicular Carcinoma of the Thyroid.Biomedicines · 2023Review
- Management of Thyroid Nodules.Sisli Etfal Hastanesi tip bulteni · 2023Review
- Solitary and multiple thyroid nodules as predictors of malignancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Thyroid research · 2022Review
- Ultrasound grayscale ratio: a reliable parameter for differentiating between papillary thyroid microcarcinoma and micronodular goiter.BMC endocrine disorders · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundHyperfunctioning or hot nodules are thought to be rarely malignant. As such, current guidelines recommend that hot nodules be excluded from further malignancy risk stratification. The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to compare the malignancy risk in hot nodules and non-toxic nodules in observational studies.
methodsOvid MEDLINE Daily and Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were searched. Observational studies which met all of the following were included: (1) use thyroid scintigraphy for nodule assessment, (2) inclusion of both hyperfunctioning and non-functioning nodules based on scintigraphy, (3) available postoperative histopathologic nodule results, (4) published up to November 12, 2020 in either English or French. The following data was extracted: malignancy outcomes include malignancy rate, mapping of the carcinoma within the hot nodule, inclusion of microcarcinomas, and presence of gene mutations.
resultsAmong the seven included studies, overall incidence of malignancy in all hot thyroid nodules ranged from 5 to 100% in comparison with non-toxic nodules, 3.8-46%. Odds of malignancy were also compared between hot and non-toxic thyroid nodules, separated into solitary nodules, multiple nodules and combination of the two. Pooled odds ratio (OR) of solitary thyroid nodules revealed a single hot nodule OR of 0.38 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.25, 0.59), toxic multinodular goiter OR of 0.51 (95% CI 0.34, 0.75), and a combined hot nodule OR of 0.45 (95% CI 0.31, 0.65). The odds of malignancy are reduced by 55% in hot nodules; however, the incidence was not zero.
conclusionsOdds of malignancy of hot nodules is reduced compared with non-toxic nodules; however, the incidence of malignancy reported in hot nodules was higher than expected. These findings highlight the need for further studies into the malignancy risk of hot nodules.
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