ArticleBMC public health2021
Adverse childhood experiences and depression among women in rural Pakistan.
Article in BMC public health, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 29 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Thinking Healthy Program - Peer Delivered in Pakistan
Thinking Healthy Program - Peer Delivered in Pakistan - Child-Focused
Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 49 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prospective Longitudinal Associations Between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Adult Mental Health Outcomes: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Trauma, violence & abuse · 2026Pooled it
- Health effects associated with exposure of children to physical violence, psychological violence and neglect: a Burden of Proof study.Nature human behaviour · 2025Pooled it
- A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Association Between Childhood Maltreatment and Adult Depression.Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica · 2025Pooled it
- Comparing childhood, chronic, and recent adversity on internalizing symptoms and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis functioning.Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association · 2026Article
- Associations between adverse childhood experiences and breastfeeding initiation and duration: a longitudinal birth cohort study in Pakistan.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Major depressive disorder attributed to intimate partner violence against women in North Africa and the Middle East: Global Burden of Disease Study.Archives of women's mental health · 2026Article
- Multiple Adverse Childhood Experiences and Maternal Mental Health Outcomes Among Kenyan Mothers With and Without HIV.AIDS and behavior · 2026Article
- Adverse Childhood Experiences and Antenatal Depression: The Mediating Role of Social Support.Maternal and child health journal · 2025Article
- Intergenerational association of adverse childhood experiences and perinatal mental health in adult female offspring: evidence from the longitudinal grandmothers, mothers, and their Children's health study in China.The Lancet regional health. Western Pacific · 2025Article
- Suicide and Self-Harming Among Young Women: A Qualitative Exploratory Study in Southern Punjab, Pakistan.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- The Impact of Asthma Control on the Clinical and Depressive Symptoms in Pediatric Asthma Patients.Actas espanolas de psiquiatria · 2025Article
- Associations Between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Prenatal Mental Health in the French EDEN Cohort: Cumulative, Person-Centered, and Dimensional Approaches.Depression and anxiety · 2025Article
- Effects of adverse childhood experiences on university students' ability to lead healthy lives: an exploratory qualitative study in Lahore, Pakistan.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Variations in the association between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and depression by age at first occurrence of ACEs.BMC psychology · 2024Article
- Associations between adverse childhood experiences and pain in middle-aged and older adults: findings from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Childhood parental bonding and depression in adulthood: A study of mothers in rural Pakistan.Journal of affective disorders · 2024Article
- A cross-cultural examination of adverse childhood experiences in low-and middle-income countries and their relation with adolescent educational aspirations.Child abuse & neglect · 2024Article
- Association between adverse childhood experiences and perinatal depressive symptoms: a cross-sectional analysis of 16,831 women in Iceland.Archives of women's mental health · 2023Article
- Burden of mental disorders by gender in Pakistan: analysis of Global Burden of Disease Study data for 1990-2019.BJPsych bulletin · 2023Article
- The influence of genetic and acquired factors on the vulnerability to develop depression: a review.Bioscience reports · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAdverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) are a common pathway to adult depression. This pathway is particularly important during the perinatal period when women are at an elevated risk for depression. However, this relationship has not been explored in South Asia. This study estimates the association between ACEs and women's (N = 889) depression at 36 months postpartum in rural Pakistan.
methodData come from the Bachpan Cohort study. To capture ACEs, an adapted version of the ACE-International Questionnaire was used. Women's depression was measured using both major depressive episodes (MDE) and depressive symptom severity. To assess the relationship between ACEs and depression, log-Poisson models were used for MDE and linear regression models for symptom severity.
resultsThe majority (58%) of women experienced at least one ACE domain, most commonly home violence (38.3%), followed by neglect (20.1%). Women experiencing four or more ACEs had the most pronounced elevation of symptom severity (β = 3.90; 95% CL = 2.13, 5.67) and MDE (PR = 2.43; 95% CL = 1.37, 4.32). Symptom severity (β = 2.88; 95% CL = 1.46, 4.31), and MDE (PR = 2.01; 95% CL = 1.27, 3.18) were greater for those experiencing community violence or family distress (β = 2.04; 95%; CL = 0.83, 3.25) (PR = 1.77; 95% CL = 1.12, 2.79).
conclusionsFindings suggest that ACEs are substantively distinct and have unique relationships to depression. They signal a need to address women's ACEs as part of perinatal mental health interventions and highlight women's lifelong experiences as important factors to understanding current mental health.
trial registrationNCT02111915 . Registered 11 April 2014. NCT02658994 . Registered 22 January 2016. Both trials were prospectively registered.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.