SynthesisInternal medicine journal2021
Immunosuppression as a risk factor for COVID-19: a meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Internal medicine journal, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 42 citations in OpenAlex.
- Disparities in COVID-19 mortality amongst the immunosuppressed: A systematic review and meta-analysis for enhanced disease surveillance.The Journal of infection · 2024Pooled it
- The impact of immunocompromise on outcomes of COVID-19 in children and young people-a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Pooled it
- Significant but small: the modest impact of population ageing on reported COVID-19 case rates worldwide.Future science OA · 2026Article
- Article
- COVID-19 in the years 2020 to 2022 in Germany: effects of comorbidities and co-medications based on a large-scale database analysis.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Comprehensive assessment of COVID-19 case fatality rate and influential factors in Khuzestan Province, Iran: a two-year study.Journal of health, population, and nutrition · 2024Article
- Spectrum of COVID-19 induced liver injury: A review report.World journal of hepatology · 2024Review
- Decoding Immuno-Competence: A Novel Analysis of Complete Blood Cell Count Data in COVID-19 Outcomes.Biomedicines · 2024Article
- SARS-CoV-2 infection status in corneal preservation solution and COVID-19 prevalence after corneal transplantation.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Immunosuppressive therapy and COVID-19 infection in patients with NMOSD.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2024Article
- Symptoms and Severity of COVID-19 in Patients with Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases: Experience of a University Medical Center.Autoimmune diseases · 2024Article
- Prevalence, under-reporting, and epidemiological surveillance of COVID-19 in the Araguaína City of Brazil.PloS one · 2024Article
- Developing a digital phenotype to subdivide adult immunosuppressed COVID-19 outcomes within the English Primary Care Sentinel Network.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Response Rate of the Third and Fourth Doses of the BNT162b2 Vaccine Administered to Cancer Patients Undergoing Active Anti-Neoplastic Treatments.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Monkeypox outbreak, vaccination, and treatment implications for the dermatologic patient: Review and interim guidance from the Medical Dermatology Society.Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology · 2023Review
- Review
- An explanatory analytics framework for early detection of chronic risk factors in pandemics.Healthcare analytics (New York, N.Y.) · 2022Article
- Comparative study of the usefulness of risk score assessment in the early stages of COVID-19 affected pregnancies: Omicron variant versus previous variants.The journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research · 2022Article
- Rhino-Orbito-Cerebral Mucormycosis During the Second Wave of Covid-19: The Indian Scenario.Indian journal of otolaryngology and head and neck surgery : official publication of the Association of Otolaryngologists of India · 2022Article
- Concurrent COVID-19 and pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in a patient subsequently found to have underlying hairy cell leukemia.Radiology case reports · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundWhile immunosuppression poses a theoretical increase in the risk of COVID-19, the nature of this relationship is yet to be ascertained.
aimsTo determine whether immunosuppressed patients are at higher risk of COVID-19 to help inform the management of patients receiving immunosuppressant therapies during the pandemic.
methodsWe performed a random-effects meta-analysis of data from studies that reported on the prevalence of immunosuppression among patient cohorts with COVID-19.
resultsSixty full-text publications were identified. In total, six individual studies were included in the final analysis, contributing a total of 10 049 patients with COVID-19 disease. The prevalence of immunosuppressed patients among the study cohorts with COVID-19 ranged from 0.126% to 1.357%. In the pooled cohort a total of 64/10 049 (0.637%) patients with COVID-19 disease was immunosuppressed. Observed to expected ratios were used to compare the prevalence of immunosuppression in cohorts with confirmed COVID-19 disease to the background prevalence of immunosuppression in the general community. The observed to expected ratio of immunosuppression among patients with COVID-19 illness, relative to the general community, was 0.12 (95% confidence interval: 0.05-0.27).
conclusionsCompared to the general population, immunosuppressed patients were not at significantly increased risk of COVID-19 infection. This finding provides support for current expert consensus statements, which have recommended the continuation of immunosuppressant therapy in the absence of COVID-19.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.