ArticleThe Journal of clinical investigation2021
Long-term microstructure and cerebral blood flow changes in patients recovered from COVID-19 without neurological manifestations.
Article in The Journal of clinical investigation, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 156 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Dual Sympathetic Blocks for Patients Experiencing Sympathetically-Mediated Symptoms From Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 (PASC)
Symptom-Targeted Rehabilitation for Cognitive Complaints in Long COVID (STAR-C3)
Who cites it
156 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 242 citations in OpenAlex.
- Brain microstructural alterations in COVID-19: a systematic review of diffusion weighted imaging studies.Brain imaging and behavior · 2026Pooled it
- Post-COVID-19 conditions: a systematic review on advanced magnetic resonance neuroimaging findings.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2024Pooled it
- Topographical Distribution of Neuroanatomical Abnormalities Following COVID-19 Invasion : A Systematic Literature Review.Clinical neuroradiology · 2024Pooled it
- Meta-analysis of the serum/plasma proteome identifies significant associations between COVID-19 with Alzheimer's/Parkinson's diseases.Journal of neurovirology · 2024Pooled it
- Late neurological consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection: New challenges for the neurologist.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2023Pooled it
- Hyperbaric oxygen therapy improves neurocognitive functions and symptoms of post-COVID condition: randomized controlled trial.Scientific reports · 2022Trial
- Effects of hyperbaric oxygen therapy on functional and structural connectivity in post-COVID-19 condition patients: A randomized, sham-controlled trial.NeuroImage. Clinical · 2022Trial
- Cognitive fatigue is related to reduced cerebral perfusion and sustained attention in patients with post COVID-19 condition: An fMRI study.Neuroimage. Reports · 2026Article
- Neurological Manifestations of Long COVID: Current Evidence, Emerging Concepts, and Future Perspectives.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Persistent Redox Imbalance in Post-COVID-19 Syndrome: Lipid Peroxidation, Antioxidant Enzyme Depletion, and Reduced Nitric Oxide Availability in an Amazonian Population.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- MRI-Based Quantitative Assessment of Normal-Appearing White and Gray Matter Demyelination in Multiple Sclerosis, Parkinson's Disease, Long COVID, and Normal Aging.Biomedicines · 2026Article
- Investigation of BOLD signal intensities in long COVID patients using 7T functional MRI.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- Post-COVID Fatigue Is Associated With Reduced Cortical Thickness After Hospitalization.Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2026Article
- Could persistent extravascular fibrin deposition link microvascular and interstitial pathology in long COVID?Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Reduced cortical brain perfusion following COVID-19 infection: impact of COVID-19 severity and relation to memory performance.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2026Article
- Examining neuroimaging biomarkers, plasma biomarkers and cognitive functions in patients with recovered COVID-19 infection: a multicentre study using 7T MRI.Brain communications · 2026Article
- Exploring the role of infectious pathogens in Alzheimer's disease neuroinflammation.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Review
- Demyelination and Cognitive Performance in Long COVID Patients with Insomnia and/or Depression.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Brain Volumetric Changes Post-COVID-19: A Systematic Review.Brain sciences · 2025Review
- From infection to intervention: post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection and cardiovascular risk.Inflammopharmacology · 2025Review
96 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
14 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
BACKGROUNDThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) rapidly progressed to a global pandemic. Although some patients totally recover from COVID-19 pneumonia, the disease's long-term effects on the brain still need to be explored.METHODSWe recruited 51 patients with 2 subtypes of COVID-19 (19 mild and 32 severe) with no specific neurological manifestations at the acute stage and no obvious lesions on the conventional MRI 3 months after discharge. Changes in gray matter morphometry, cerebral blood flow (CBF), and white matter (WM) microstructure were investigated using MRI. The relationship between brain imaging measurements and inflammation markers was further analyzed.RESULTSCompared with healthy controls, the decrease in cortical thickness/CBF and the changes in WM microstructure were more severe in patients with severe disease than in those with mild disease, especially in the frontal and limbic systems. Furthermore, changes in brain microstructure, CBF, and tract parameters were significantly correlated (P < 0.05) with the inflammatory markers C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, and interleukin 6.CONCLUSIONIndirect injury related to inflammatory storm may damage the brain, altering cerebral volume, CBF, and WM tracts. COVID-19-related hypoxemia and dysfunction of vascular endothelium may also contribute to neurological changes. The abnormalities in these brain areas need to be monitored during recovery, which could help clinicians understand the potential neurological sequelae of COVID-19.FUNDINGNatural Science Foundation of China.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.