ArticleJAMA network open2021
Sex Differences in Cognitive Decline Among US Adults.
Article in JAMA network open, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 276 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
276 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 416 citations in OpenAlex.
- Neuropeptide Y and brain ageing: an updated scoping review on the role of autophagy.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2026Pooled it
- Sex-stratified genome-wide meta-analysis identifies novel loci for cognitive decline in older adults.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Pooled it
- A systematic review of the safety and efficacy on cognitive function of herbal and nutritional medicines in older adults with and without subjective cognitive impairment.Systematic reviews · 2023Pooled it
- Trial
- No evidence of a detrimental effect of pitavastatin on neurocognitive function among people with HIV.AIDS (London, England) · 2025Trial
- Preserved Cognitive Function After Statin Administration During Cancer Treatment With Doxorubicin: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA network open · 2025Trial
- Long-term effects of an egg-protein hydrolysate on cognitive performance and brain vascular function: a double-blind randomized controlled trial in adults with elevated subjective cognitive failures.European journal of nutrition · 2024Trial
- Coronary Artery Calcium and Cognitive Decline in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2023Trial
- Connecting memory and functional brain networks in older adults: a resting-state fMRI study.GeroScience · 2023Trial
- Prospective study of reproductive span and menopausal hormone therapy and cognitive decline over 8 years in the Nurses' Health Study.Menopause (New York, N.Y.) · 2026Article
- Association of tongue, handgrip, and pinch strength with blood-based phosphorylated-tau 181 in cognitively healthy older adults.GeroScience · 2026Article
- Potential Indicators of Transition to Cognitive Decline in Older Men: A Longitudinal Analysis of Multiple Sensory, Balance, and Gait Changes.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Association between Traditional Chinese Medicine constitution and geriatric functional impairment evaluated by the integrated care for older people approach in the elderly.Journal of traditional and complementary medicine · 2026Article
- Sex Differences in the Association of Simultaneous Decline in Blood Pressure and Decline in Cognition during Aging.Annals of neurology · 2026Article
- Association Between Activities of Daily Living Profiles and Memory Decline in Community-Dwelling Older Adults Without Cognitive Impairment: An Observational Panel Study.Journal of advanced nursing · 2026Observational
- Associations between indicators of self-rated health, cognitive function, risk of cognitive impairment, and dementia: A coordinated data analysis.The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · 2026Article
- Joint changes in subjective memory and objective cognition and risk of incident functional dependence: A harmonized analysis of four aging cohorts.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Article
- Biological sex and normative cognitive aging across spatial learning, flexibility, and working memory in Fischer 344 rats.Behavioral neuroscience · 2026Article
- Associations between greenspace and memory: Evidence from the COMPASS cohort in Chicago.Environmental research · 2026Article
- Childhood maltreatment and joint trajectories of social isolation and depression as predictors of cognitive impairment in late midlife: a prospective cohort study.Epidemiology and psychiatric sciences · 2026Article
216 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
19 authors at 8 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Importance: Sex differences in dementia risk are unclear, but some studies have found greater risk for women. Objective: To determine associations between sex and cognitive decline in order to better understand sex differences in dementia risk. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cohort study used pooled analysis of individual participant data from 5 cohort studies for years 1971 to 2017: Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study, Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study, Cardiovascular Health Study, Framingham Offspring Study, and Northern Manhattan Study. Linear mixed-effects models were used to estimate changes in each continuous cognitive outcome over time by sex. Data analysis was completed from March 2019 to October 2020. Exposure: Sex. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was change in global cognition. Secondary outcomes were change in memory and executive function. Outcomes were standardized as t scores (mean [SD], 50 [10]); a 1-point difference represents a 0.1-SD difference in cognition. Results: Among 34 349 participants, 26 088 who self-reported Black or White race, were free of stroke and dementia, and had covariate data at or before the first cognitive assessment were included for analysis. Median (interquartile range) follow-up was 7.9 (5.3-20.5) years. There were 11 775 (44.7%) men (median [interquartile range] age, 58 [51-66] years at first cognitive assessment; 2229 [18.9%] Black) and 14 313 women (median [interquartile range] age, 58 [51-67] years at first cognitive assessment; 3636 [25.4%] Black). Women had significantly higher baseline performance than men in global cognition (2.20 points higher; 95% CI, 2.04 to 2.35 points; P < .001), executive function (2.13 points higher; 95% CI, 1.98 to 2.29 points; P < .001), and memory (1.89 points higher; 95% CI, 1.72 to 2.06 points; P < .001). Compared with men, women had significantly faster declines in global cognition (-0.07 points/y faster; 95% CI, -0.08 to -0.05 points/y; P < .001) and executive function (-0.06 points/y faster; 95% CI, -0.07 to -0.05 points/y; P < .001). Men and women had similar declines in memory (-0.004 points/y faster; 95% CI, -0.023 to 0.014; P = .61). Conclusions and Relevance: The results of this cohort study suggest that women may have greater cognitive reserve but faster cognitive decline than men, which could contribute to sex differences in late-life dementia.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.