ArticleBehavior research methods2021
EmoPro - Emotional prototypicality for 1286 Spanish words: Relationships with affective and psycholinguistic variables.
Article in Behavior research methods, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
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17 citing papers in PubMed.
- Affective norms for Chinese words in ten discrete emotion categories.Behavior research methods · 2026Article
- Love, laugh, life-the effect of empathy on the processing of emotion-label, emotion-laden and neutral abstract words.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Mexican Spanish adaptation for the Affective Norms for English Words (ANEW).Behavior research methods · 2025Article
- Affective Norms for German as a Second Language (ANGL2).Behavior research methods · 2024Article
- The bright side of words: Norms for 9000 Spanish words in seven discrete positive emotions.Behavior research methods · 2024Article
- Statistical Relationships Between Phonological Form, Emotional Valence and Arousal of Spanish Words.Journal of cognition · 2024Article
- What distinguishes emotion-label words from emotion-laden words? The characterization of affective meaning from a multi-componential conception of emotions.Frontiers in psychology · 2024Article
- Emotional Prototypicality Ratings for 636 Chinese Words: A Database of Chinese Words with Affective Information.Journal of psycholinguistic research · 2023Article
- Affective Norms for Chinese Words of Typical Life Scenes Rated by Older Adults (ANCO).Journal of psycholinguistic research · 2023Article
- Beyond Valence and Arousal: The Role of Age of Acquisition in Emotion Word Recognition.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Emoji-SP, the Spanish emoji database: Visual complexity, familiarity, frequency of use, clarity, and emotional valence and arousal norms for 1031 emojis.Behavior research methods · 2023Article
- Your words went straight to my heart: the role of emotional prototypicality in the recognition of emotion-label words.Psychological research · 2023Article
- The embodiment of emotion-label words and emotion-laden words: Evidence from late Chinese-English bilinguals.Frontiers in psychology · 2023Article
- Evidence for dynamic attentional bias toward positive emotion-laden words: A behavioral and electrophysiological study.Frontiers in psychology · 2022Article
- IDEST: International Database of Emotional Short Texts.PloS one · 2022Article
- Are the concepts of emotion special? A comparison between basic-emotion, secondary-emotion, abstract, and concrete words.Frontiers in psychology · 2022Article
- Can Masked Emotion-Laden Words Prime Emotion-Label Words? An ERP Test on the Mediated Account.Frontiers in psychology · 2021Article
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7 authors.
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Abstract
We present EmoPro, a normative study of the emotion lexicon of the Spanish language. We provide emotional prototypicality ratings for 1286 emotion words (i.e., those that refer to human emotions such as "fear" or "happy"), belonging to different grammatical categories. This is the largest data set for this variable so far. Each word was rated by at least 20 participants, and adequate reliability and validity rates for prototypicality scores were found. We also provide new affective (valence, arousal, emotionality, happiness, sadness, fear, disgust, and anger) and psycholinguistic (Age-of-Acquisition, frequency and concreteness) ratings for those words without prior data in the extant literature, and analyze which of the given variables contribute the most to prototypicality. A factor analysis on the affective and psycholinguistic variables has shown that prototypicality loads in a factor associated to the emotional salience of words. Furthermore, a regression analysis reveals a significant role of both dimensional and discrete- emotion-related variables, as well as a modest effect of AoA and frequency on the prediction of prototypicality. Cross-linguistic comparisons show that the pattern obtained here is similar to that observed in other languages. EmoPro norms will be highly valuable for researchers in the field, providing them with a tool to select the most representative emotion words in Spanish for their experimental (e.g., for a comparison with emotion-laden words, such as "murder" or "party") or applied studies (e.g., to examine the acquisition of emotion words/concepts in children). The full set of norms is available as supplementary material.
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