ArticleClinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America2021
Proton-Pump Inhibitor Use and the Risk of Community-Associated Clostridium difficile Infection.
Article in Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed, 55 citations in OpenAlex.
- Trial
- Longitudinal surveillance of antibiotic resistance and virulence evolution inMicrobiology spectrum · 2026Article
- Impact of Gastric Acid Suppression on Clostridioides difficile Infection: A Systematic Review.Cureus · 2026Review
- Analysis of infection-related adverse events induced by proton pump inhibitors based on the FAERS and JADER databases.Medicine · 2025Article
- Article
- First nationwide point-prevalence survey on healthcare-associated infections and antibiotic use in long-term care facilities, Switzerland, September 2024.Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2025Article
- Article
- Proton pump inhibitor concomitant use to prevent oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy: Clinical retrospective cohort study.Pharmacotherapy · 2025Article
- The evolving landscape of live biotherapeutics in the treatment of Clostridioides difficile infection.Indian journal of gastroenterology : official journal of the Indian Society of Gastroenterology · 2025Review
- [Health outcomes of deprescribing proton pump inhibitors: study protocol].Revista espanola de salud publica · 2025Article
- Gastroenterological Surgery and Management ofJournal of the anus, rectum and colon · 2025Review
- The Aging Stomach: Clinical Implications ofInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Proton Pump Inhibitors and Oral-Gut Microbiota: From Mechanism to Clinical Significance.Biomedicines · 2024Review
- Article
- Chinese expert consensus on diagnosis and management of gastroesophageal reflux disease in the elderly (2023).Aging medicine (Milton (N.S.W)) · 2024Article
- Helicobacter pylori Eradication Treatment in Older Patients.Drugs & aging · 2024Review
- Proton pump Inhibitors and Risk of Enteric Infection in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Self-controlled Case Series.Inflammatory bowel diseases · 2024Article
- Oral-to-rectum microbial transmission in orthopedic patients without a history of intestinal disorders.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2024Article
- Analysis of risk factors ofPrzeglad gastroenterologiczny · 2024Article
- The benefit of omeprazole exposure on all-cause mortality and length of ICU/hospital stay might vary with age in critically ill pediatric patients: A cohort study.European journal of clinical pharmacology · 2024Observational
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundProton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) have been reported to increase the risk of community-associated Clostridium difficile infection (CDI), but the association remains disputed.
methodsA nationwide cohort study among adults in Denmark, 2010-2013, linking register data on C. difficile testing, filled prescriptions, and patient characteristics. All incident episodes of community-associated CDI (ie, positive culture, molecular assay, or toxin test in individuals without previous hospitalization in the prior 12 weeks and without a positive test for C. difficile in the prior 8 weeks) were identified in the Danish National Microbiological Database. Self-controlled case-series analyses were used to estimate incidence rate ratios (IRRs) for community-associated CDI, comparing periods with and without exposure to PPIs. By design, models took fixed confounders such as chronic disease, genetics, and socioeconomic status into account; further, time-varying confounders, including hospital stay and antibiotic and corticosteroid use were adjusted for.
results3583 episodes of community-associated CDI were identified, of which 964 occurred during current use of PPIs, 324 occurred 0-6 months after treatment cessation, 123 occurred 6-12 months after treatment cessation, and 2172 occurred during time periods without use of PPIs. The adjusted IRR was 2.03 (95% confidence interval, 1.74-2.36), comparing use of PPI with nonuse. The increased risk remained elevated in later time periods: 1.54 (1.31-1.80) for 0-6 months, 1.24 (1.00-1.53) for 6-12 months after current use.
conclusionsUse of PPIs was associated with moderately increased risk of community-associated CDI. The risk remained elevated up to 1 year after PPI treatment had ended.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.