SynthesisTranslational psychiatry2021
Meta-analysis of probability estimates of worldwide variation of CYP2D6 and CYP2C19.
Synthesis in Translational psychiatry, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 70 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
70 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Comparative effectiveness of pharmacogenomic-guided versus unguided antidepressant treatment in major depressive disorder: new insights from subgroup and cumulative meta-analyses.BMJ mental health · 2025Pooled it
- The Immature Infant Liver: Cytochrome P450 Enzymes and their Relevance to Vaccine Safety and SIDS Research.International journal of medical sciences · 2025Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Gender and other diversity-related factors in psychiatric hospital care: protocol for the participatory mixed-methods PSY-DIVER study.BMC psychiatry · 2026Article
- Pharmacogenetic, Clinical, Prescribing, and Demographic Predictors of Sertraline Pharmacokinetics.Pharmaceutics · 2026Article
- Primaquine-derived 5,6-orthoquinone concentrations in urine associated with CYP2D6 genotype-predicted phenotype and blood methemoglobin levels.Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2026Article
- Beyond the 'Pregnancy Black Box': a global roadmap for artificial intelligence-driven pharmacogenomics in maternal-neonatal health.The pharmacogenomics journal · 2026Review
- Bridging Ancestry-Stratified Bias in Pharmacogenomics AI: Toward Metabolomics-Inclusive Multi-Omics Precision Medicine.Journal of personalized medicine · 2026Review
- A Framework to Quantify Disparities in Pharmacogenomic Treatment Concordance and Drug Response Outcomes.Clinical and translational science · 2026Article
- Influence ofPharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Low-Dose Mavacamten Initiation in Obstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: A Real-World Study in China.Cardiovascular therapeutics · 2026Observational
- Distribution ofFrontiers in genetics · 2026Article
- Genetics to Improve Outcomes in Schizophrenia (GENios): A within-case molecular genetic study protocol.PloS one · 2026Article
- Addressing genetic diversity and health inequities: RELIVAF's proposal for Latin American pharmacogenomic guidelines.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- Psychiatric pharmacogenomics: from genetic evidence to clinical integration - structural, educational, and ethical challenges.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- Comparison between optimized bismuth quadruple therapy and standard clarithromycin-based triple therapy for first-lineLancet regional health. Americas · 2026Article
- Pharmacogenomics ofPharmaceutics · 2025Article
- Bridging Literature and Real-World Evidence: External Evaluation and Development of Fluoxetine Population Pharmacokinetics Model.Pharmaceutics · 2025Article
- Population Genetics of Pharmacogenetic Variants in a Greek Psychiatric Cohort of over 3000 Individuals.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Prevalence ofAnnals of neurosciences · 2025Article
10 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Extensive migration has led to the necessity of knowledge regarding the treatment of migrants with different ethnical backgrounds. This is especially relevant for pharmacological treatment, because of the significant variation between migrant groups in their capacity to metabolize drugs. For psychiatric medications, CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 enzymes are clinically relevant. The aim of this meta-analysis was to analyze studies reporting clinically useful information regarding CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotype frequencies, across populations and ethnic groups worldwide. To that end, we conducted a comprehensive meta-analysis using Embase, PubMed, Web of Science, and PsycINFO (>336,000 subjects, 318 reports). A non-normal metabolizer (non-NM) probability estimate was introduced as the equivalent of the sum-prevalence of predicted poor, intermediate, and ultrarapid metabolizer CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 phenotypes. The probability of having a CYP2D6 non-NM predicted phenotype was highest in Algeria (61%) and lowest in Gambia (2.7%) while the probability for CYP2C19 was highest in India (80%) and lowest in countries in the Americas, particularly Mexico (32%). The mean total probability estimates of having a non-NM predicted phenotype worldwide were 36.4% and 61.9% for CYP2D6 and CYP2C19, respectively. We provide detailed tables and world maps summarizing clinically relevant data regarding the prevalence of CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 predicted phenotypes and demonstrating large inter-ethnic differences. Based on the documented probability estimates, pre-emptive pharmacogenetic testing is encouraged for every patient who will undergo therapy with a drug(s) that is metabolized by CYP2D6 and/or CYP2C19 pathways and should be considered in case of treatment resistance or serious side effects.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.