ArticleCancer science2021
Arecoline induces epithelial-mesenchymal transformation and promotes metastasis of oral cancer by SAA1 expression.
Article in Cancer science, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It has been retracted, and should not be counted. Cited by 23 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 37 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Tumor cells promote immunosuppression in ovarian cancer via a positive feedback loop with MDSCs through the SAA1-IL-1β axis.Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR · 2025Article
- Breast neoplasm epithelial-mesenchymal transition and cytokines: a systematic review.Cancer cell international · 2025Review
- The key target and role of betel nut in oral squamous cell carcinoma.BMC oral health · 2025Article
- Hypoxia amplifies arecoline-induced invasion and metastasis in oral squamous cell carcinoma - Insights into TGF-β1 signaling and collagen production.Journal of dental sciences · 2025Article
- TAF7 directly targets SAA1 to enhance triple-negative breast cancer metastasis via phosphorylating E-cadherin and N-cadherin.iScience · 2025Article
- Lymphatic dissemination of HPV-positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: underlying mechanisms and treatment innovations.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Risk factors and impact of occult and skip metastasis in early-stage oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma.Clinical oral investigations · 2024Article
- Epigallocatechin-3-gallate Synergistically Enhanced Arecoline-Induced Cytotoxicity by Redirecting Cycle Arrest to Apoptosis.Current issues in molecular biology · 2024Article
- Comprehensive insights into areca nut: active components and omics technologies for bioactivity evaluation and quality control.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2024Review
- A Critical Interpretive Synthesis of the Role of Arecoline in Oral Carcinogenesis: Is the Local Cholinergic Axis a Missing Link in Disease Pathophysiology?Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- A review of anti-tumour effects of Ganoderma lucidum in gastrointestinal cancer.Chinese medicine · 2023Review
- The Controversial Roles of Areca Nut: Medicine or Toxin?International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Low-dose arecoline regulates distinct core signaling pathways in oral submucous fibrosis and oral squamous cell carcinoma.BMC oral health · 2023Article
- Deciphering the role of QPCTL in glioma progression and cancer immunotherapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- SAA1 identified as a potential prediction biomarker for metastasis of hepatocellular carcinomaFrontiers in oncology · 2023Article
- FTO plays a crucial role in gastrointestinal cancer and may be a target for immunotherapy: an updated review.Frontiers in oncology · 2023Review
- Identification of a BRAF/PA28γ/MEK1 signaling axis and its role in epithelial-mesenchymal transition in oral submucous fibrosis.Cell death & disease · 2022Article
- Arecoline Is Associated With Inhibition of Cuproptosis and Proliferation of Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Potential Mechanism for Tumor Metastasis.Frontiers in oncology · 2022Article
- Transgenic overexpression of the miR-200b/200a/429 cluster inhibits mammary tumor initiation.Translational oncology · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
- Retraction · 2022-11-13Duplication of/in Image · Investigation by Third Party · Original Data and/or Images not Provided and/or not Available · · See also: https://pubpeer.com/publications/786636F0F8213D2135BA0DAD080F8A
Authors and funding
9 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Arecoline, the main alkaloid of areca nut, is well known for its role in inducing submucosal fibrosis and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), however the mechanism remains unclear. The aim of this study was to establish an arecoline-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT) model of OSCC cells and to investigate the underlying mechanisms. CAL33 and UM2 cells were induced with arecoline to establish an EMT cell model and perform RNA-sequence screening. Luminex multiplex cytokine assays, western blot, and RT-qPCR were used to investigate the EMT mechanism. Arecoline at a concentration of 160 μg/ml was used to induce EMT in OSCC cells, which was confirmed using morphological analysis, transwell assays, and EMT marker detection. RNA-sequence screening and Luminex multiplex cytokine assays showed that many inflammatory cytokines (such as serum amyloid A1 [SAA1], interleukin [IL]-6, IL-36G, chemokine [CCL]2, and CCL20) were significantly altered during arecoline-induced EMT. Of these cytokines, SAA1 was the most highly upregulated. SAA1 overexpression induced EMT and promoted the migration and invasion of CAL33 cells, while SAA1 knockdown attenuated arecoline-induced EMT. Moreover, arecoline enhanced cervical lymph node metastasis in an orthotopic xenograft model of the tongue established using BALB/c nude mice. Our findings revealed that arecoline induced EMT and enhanced the metastatic capability of OSCC by the regulation of inflammatory cytokine secretion, especially that of SAA1. Our study provides a basis for understanding the mechanism of OSCC metastasis and suggests possible therapeutic targets to prevent the occurrence and development of OSCC associated with areca nut chewing.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.