ArticlePLoS pathogens2021
Rapamycin inhibits pathogen transmission in mosquitoes by promoting immune activation.
Article in PLoS pathogens, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 21 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cross-species TNF-α signaling in mosquitoes promotes malaria transmission.EMBO reports · 2026Article
- Immune-reproductive cross talk in mosquitoes: molecular pathways and energy homeostasis.Parasites & vectors · 2026Review
- Dual functions of the Aedes aegypti ecdysone receptor in dengue virus replication and reproduction control.Parasites & vectors · 2026Article
- Tick HRF-dependent ferroptosis pathway to promote tick acquisition ofFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Article
- Apoptosis and autophagy promoteFrontiers in microbiology · 2025Article
- Host 5-HT affects Plasmodium transmission in mosquitoes via modulating mosquito mitochondrial homeostasis.PLoS pathogens · 2024Article
- Precise coordination between nutrient transporters ensures fertility in the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae.PLoS genetics · 2024Article
- Interactions between innate immunity and insulin signaling affect resistance to infection in insects.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Novel systems to study vector-pathogen interactions in malaria.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2023Review
- Capsaicin decreases fecundity in the Asian malaria vector Anopheles stephensi by inhibiting the target of rapamycin signaling pathway.Parasites & vectors · 2022Article
- The immune deficiency and c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathways drive the functional integration of the immune and circulatory systems of mosquitoes.Open biology · 2022Article
- Molecular Mechanism of Overcoming Host Resistance by theMicroorganisms · 2022Article
- Activation of the autophagy pathway decreases dengue virus infection in Aedes aegypti cells.Parasites & vectors · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Repeated blood meals provide essential nutrients for mosquito egg development and routes for pathogen transmission. The target of rapamycin, the TOR pathway, is essential for vitellogenesis. However, its influence on pathogen transmission remains to be elucidated. Here, we show that rapamycin, an inhibitor of the TOR pathway, effectively suppresses Plasmodium berghei infection in Anopheles stephensi. An. stephensi injected with rapamycin or feeding on rapamycin-treated mice showed increased resistance to P. berghei infection. Exposing An. stephensi to a rapamycin-coated surface not only decreased the numbers of both oocysts and sporozoites but also impaired mosquito survival and fecundity. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the inhibitory effect of rapamycin on parasite infection was through the enhanced activation of immune responses, especially the NF-κB transcription factor REL2, a regulator of the immune pathway and complement system. Knockdown of REL2 in rapamycin-treated mosquitoes abrogated the induction of the complement-like proteins TEP1 and SPCLIP1 and abolished rapamycin-mediated refractoriness to Plasmodium infection. Together, these findings demonstrate a key role of the TOR pathway in regulating mosquito immune responses, thereby influencing vector competence.
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