Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33625056›Full record

ArticleEar and hearing

Developmental Outcomes in Early-Identified Children Who Are Hard of Hearing at 2 to 3 Years of Age.

Carren J Stika, Laurie S Eisenberg, Alice S Carter, Karen C Johnson, Dianne M Hammes Ganguly, Shirley C Henning, Jean L DesJardin

Open access · greenAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Ear and hearing. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
8citing papers in PubMed
2.2field-weighted citation impact, top 14% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

8 citing papers in PubMed, 10 citations in OpenAlex.

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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.

Carren J StikaSchool of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA.
Laurie S EisenbergUSC Caruso Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Alice S CarterDepartment of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Karen C JohnsonUSC Caruso Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Dianne M Hammes GangulyUSC Caruso Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Shirley C HenningDepartment of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Jean L DesJardinEducation Department, Moravian College, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, USA.
University of Southern California · USUniversity of Massachusetts Boston · USMoravian University · USSan Diego State University · US

Funding

Development and Adaptive Behavior of Young Children with Hearing LossR01DC009561 · NIDCD · UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA · PI EISENBERG, LAURIE S, STIKA, CARREN JEAN · 2008 to 2012
$3.8M
NIDCD NIH HHS R01 DC009561
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectivesThis study examined the psychosocial, adaptive behavior, and language outcomes of young children who are hard of hearing (HH) without additional disabilities or neurocognitive impairments. Relations between early developmental outcomes and child and parent demographic variables, and parenting stress and self-efficacy were also explored.

designParticipants were 39 children with early identified, permanent mild to severe hearing loss, between the ages of 2 and 3 years, and a comparison group of 47 children with normal hearing (NH). Developmental outcomes were measured using clinician-administered standardized tests and parent-completed behavior rating instruments specific to language, psychosocial functioning, and adaptive behavior. Mothers completed self-report measures that assess parenting stress and maternal self-efficacy.

resultsThe children who are HH were similar to the children with NH in terms of their psychosocial functioning and adaptive behavior, with the exception of their socialization skills. As a group, the children who are HH performed significantly worse than their peers with NH on all measures of language ability. Among the children who are HH, maternal self-efficacy showed a strong positive correlation with adaptive behavior outcomes; however, it failed to contribute unique variance above that explained by language ability and gender. Maternal self-efficacy was also significantly correlated with better psychosocial outcomes, but only parenting stress proved to be a significant predictor of child behavioral problems once other variables considered were in the model.

conclusionsEarly-identified young children who are HH can demonstrate age-appropriate development in multiple domains, including language, psychosocial, and adaptive behavior. However, mild to severe hearing loss places young children with no additional disabilities or neurocognitive impairments at risk for language delays. Although the children who are HH demonstrated no more emotional or behavioral problems than their same-age peers with NH, results suggest that language delays increase their vulnerability for delays in various aspects of social competence.

Indexed as

Hearing LossLanguage Development DisordersChildChild, PreschoolHearingHumansLanguage DevelopmentParenting

Identifiers

PMID33625056
PMCPMC8889624
OpenAlexW3129297082

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.