ReviewBiometrical journal. Biometrische Zeitschrift2021
Missing data: A statistical framework for practice.
Review in Biometrical journal. Biometrische Zeitschrift, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 91 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
91 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- How to assess applicability and methodological quality of comparative studies of operative interventions in orthopedic trauma surgery.European journal of trauma and emergency surgery : official publication of the European Trauma Society · 2022Pooled it
- The Effectiveness of a Physician-Led Web Portal on Back Pain: A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial.Deutsches Arzteblatt international · 2025Trial
- Effect of Tai Chi combined with music therapy on the cognitive function in older adult individuals with mild cognitive impairment.Frontiers in public health · 2025Trial
- Quality of Life in Intensive Care Unit Survivors-Family Member Dyads: A Conceptual Framework and Longitudinal Study Protocol.Nursing in critical care · 2026Article
- Associations of Iron Indicators with Cognitive Impairment Risk in Postmenopausal Women: Evidence from a Matched Case-Control Study and Back Propagation Neural Network Model.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Article
- A comparison of missing data approaches for linear regression with missing not at random outcome and predictors.Statistical methods in medical research · 2026Article
- The Benefits of Covert Retrieval Practice on Short- and Long-Term L3 Vocabulary Retention.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Completion vs. early discontinuation of chemotherapy and the impact on 5-year all-cause mortality in women treated for early-stage breast cancer from 2015 to 2020: A cohort study using a target trial emulation approach.British journal of clinical pharmacology · 2026Article
- Inference limits in partially observable Ethereum blockchains.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Article
- Evaluating the statistical realism of LLM-generated social science data.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Comparison of methods to handle missing values in a binary index test in a diagnostic accuracy study - a simulation study.BMC medical research methodology · 2026Article
- Using directed acyclic graphs to determine whether multiple imputation or subsample-multiple imputation estimates of an exposure-outcome association are unbiased.American journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- A Causal and interpretable machine learning framework for postcranioplasty risk prediction and surgical decision support.NPJ digital medicine · 2026Article
- Neighbourhood Socioeconomic Deprivation and Older Adults' Cognitive Decline in Porto, Portugal: A 13-Year (2005-2018) Longitudinal Analysis Using the Population-Based EPIPorto Cohort.International journal of public health · 2026Article
- Informative Missingness in Nominal Data: A Graph-Theoretic Approach to Revealing Hidden Structure.Computational and structural biotechnology journal · 2026Article
- Resources and applications of public biomedical data.Frontiers in bioinformatics · 2026Review
- The mediating role of new morbidities on social inequality in mortality after curative cancer treatment - a SEQUEL study.British journal of cancer · 2025Article
- Article
- Development and Validation of a Hybrid Machine Learning Model to Predict Lung Transplant Outcomes.JAMA network open · 2025Article
31 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Missing data are ubiquitous in medical research, yet there is still uncertainty over when restricting to the complete records is likely to be acceptable, when more complex methods (e.g. maximum likelihood, multiple imputation and Bayesian methods) should be used, how they relate to each other and the role of sensitivity analysis. This article seeks to address both applied practitioners and researchers interested in a more formal explanation of some of the results. For practitioners, the framework, illustrative examples and code should equip them with a practical approach to address the issues raised by missing data (particularly using multiple imputation), alongside an overview of how the various approaches in the literature relate. In particular, we describe how multiple imputation can be readily used for sensitivity analyses, which are still infrequently performed. For those interested in more formal derivations, we give outline arguments for key results, use simple examples to show how methods relate, and references for full details. The ideas are illustrated with a cohort study, a multi-centre case control study and a randomised clinical trial.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.