ArticleBMC cardiovascular disorders2021
Combined effect of menopause and cardiovascular risk factors on death and cardiovascular disease: a cohort study.
Article in BMC cardiovascular disorders, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 19 citations in OpenAlex.
- Yoga practice can reduce metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk in climacteric women.Journal of behavioral medicine · 2024Trial
- Erectile and Clitoral Dysfunction as Harbingers of Cardiovascular Disease: A Perspective.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Review
- Cost-effectiveness of universal genetic screening for familial hypercholesterolemia in young adults aged 18-40 years in China.BMC medicine · 2025Article
- Sex-related differences in clinical characteristics and in-hospital outcomes of patients in acute type A aortic dissection.BMC surgery · 2024Article
- The Development of a Chest-Pain Protocol for Women Presenting to the Emergency Department.CJC open · 2024Review
- Article
- Women's Reproductive Milestones and Cardiovascular Disease Risk: A Review of Reports and Opportunities From the CARDIA Study.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2023Review
- Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association.Circulation · 2023Review
- The truth about 17-beta estradiol: menopause beyond "old wives' tales".Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Article
- Review
- The ascending aorta of male hypertensive bicuspid aortic valve patients preferentially associated with a cellular aneurysmal phenotype.Physiological reports · 2022Article
- Association Between Temporal Changes in Early Repolarization Pattern With Long-Term Cardiovascular Outcome: A Population-Based Cohort Study.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundObservational studies suggest that early menopause is associated with increased risk of death and cardiovascular disease (CVD); however, the results of these studies have been inconsistently. We aimed to assess the association of menopause with death and CVD and whether this association was modified by cardiovascular risk factors.
methodsThe study population was women age 35-64 years living in two communities of Beijing who were enrolled in the Chinese Multi-provincial Cohort Study in 1992. Participants were followed until first cardiovascular event, death, or the end of follow-up (2018). Self-reported age at menopause was recorded. Multivariate Cox regression models were used to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of death and CVD after adjusting for baseline covariates of age, family history of CVD, and white blood cell count, as well as time-varying covariates of menopause, use of oral estrogen, and conventional risk factors. Additionally, we assessed the combined effect of age at menopause and risk factors on the primary endpoint.
resultsOf 2104 eligible women, 124 died and 196 had a first CVD event (33 fatal CVD and 163 non-fatal CVD). Compared with women who experienced menopause at age 50-51 years, the risk of death was higher in women with menopause at age 45-49 years (HR 1.99, 95% CI 1.24-3.21; P = 0.005), and the risk of ischemic stroke was higher in women with menopause at age < 45 years (HR 2.16, 95% CI 1.04-4.51; P = 0.04) and at age 45-49 years (HR 2.05, 95% CI 1.15-3.63; P = 0.01). Women who had menopause before age 50 years and at least one elevated risk factor at baseline had a higher risk of death (HR 11.10, 95% CI 1.51-81.41; P = 0.02), CVD (HR 3.98, 95% CI 1.58-10.01; P = 0.003), ischemic CVD (HR 4.53, 95% CI 1.63-12.62; P = 0.004), coronary heart disease (HR 8.63, 95% CI 1.15-64.50; P = 0.04), and stroke (HR 2.92, 95% CI 1.03-8.29; P = 0.04) than those with menopause at age 50-51 years and optimal levels of all risk factors.
conclusionsEarlier menopause may predict death and ischemic stroke. Furthermore, there is a combined effect of earlier menopause and elevated risk factors on death and CVD.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.