ArticleProceedings. Biological sciences2021
Broadening the ecology of fear: non-lethal effects arise from diverse responses to predation and parasitism.
Article in Proceedings. Biological sciences, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers.
What it found
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed.
- Intraguild competition mediates human avoidance in an endangered African large carnivore.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2025Article
- Carry-over non-consumptive effects: impact of parasite exposure during larval stage on adult phenotype.Parasitology · 2025Article
- Taking cues from ecological and evolutionary theories to expand the landscape of disgust.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2024Review
- Parasites and the ecology of fear: Nonconsumptive effects of ectoparasites on larvae reduce growth in simulatedEcology and evolution · 2024Article
- Hyperbolic discounting underpins response curves of mammalian avoidance behaviour.Biology letters · 2024Article
- Review
- Variation in farming damselfish behaviour creates a competitive landscape of risk on coral reefs.Biology letters · 2024Article
- Host and parasite identity interact in scale-dependent fashion to determine parasite community structure.Oecologia · 2024Article
- Standard methods for marking caudate amphibians do not impair animal welfare over the short term: An experimental approach.Animal welfare (South Mimms, England) · 2024Article
- Ripple effects in a communication network: anti-eavesdropper defence elicits elaborated sexual signals in rival males.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2023Article
- Frightened of giants: fear responses to elephants approach that of predators.Biology letters · 2023Article
- Ectoparasitic mites exert non-consumptive effects on the larvae of a fruit fly host.Parasitology · 2023Article
- The opposing roles of lethal and nonlethal effects of parasites on host resource consumption.Ecology and evolution · 2023Article
- Unhealthy herds and the predator-spreader: Understanding when predation increases disease incidence and prevalence.Ecology and evolution · 2023Article
- Evolution and Ecology of Parasite Avoidance.Annual review of ecology, evolution, and systematics · 2022Article
- Immediate predation risk alters the relationship between potential and realised selection on male traits in the Trinidad guppyProceedings. Biological sciences · 2022Article
- Different time patterns of the presence of red-eared slider influence the ontogeny dynamics of common frog tadpoles.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Social factors and the neurobiology of pathogen avoidance.Biology letters · 2022Review
- "Ecology of fear" in ungulates: Opportunities for improving conservation.Ecology and evolution · 2022Review
- Scared of the dark? Phototaxis as behavioural immunity in a host-parasite system.Biology letters · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Research on the 'ecology of fear' posits that defensive prey responses to avoid predation can cause non-lethal effects across ecological scales. Parasites also elicit defensive responses in hosts with associated non-lethal effects, which raises the longstanding, yet unresolved question of how non-lethal effects of parasites compare with those of predators. We developed a framework for systematically answering this question for all types of predator-prey and host-parasite systems. Our framework reveals likely differences in non-lethal effects not only between predators and parasites, but also between different types of predators and parasites. Trait responses should be strongest towards predators, parasitoids and parasitic castrators, but more numerous and perhaps more frequent for parasites than for predators. In a case study of larval amphibians, whose trait responses to both predators and parasites have been relatively well studied, existing data indicate that individuals generally respond more strongly and proactively to short-term predation risks than to parasitism. Apart from studies using amphibians, there have been few direct comparisons of responses to predation and parasitism, and none have incorporated responses to micropredators, parasitoids or parasitic castrators, or examined their long-term consequences. Addressing these and other data gaps highlighted by our framework can advance the field towards understanding how non-lethal effects impact prey/host population dynamics and shape food webs that contain multiple predator and parasite species.
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