ReviewPhysiology & behavior2021
Intranasal insulin and orexins to treat age-related cognitive decline.
Review in Physiology & behavior, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 46 citations in OpenAlex.
- Brain insulin resistance as a driver of proteinopathy in neurodegeneration: from cell-type-specific mechanisms to targeted therapeutics.Translational neurodegeneration · 2026Review
- Type 3 Diabetes: Linking Insulin Resistance to Cognitive Decline.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Association between triglyceride-glucose index and postoperative delirium following cardiac surgery: a multicenter retrospective analysis.Lipids in health and disease · 2025Article
- A systematic review on type 3 diabetes: bridging the gap between metabolic dysfunction and Alzheimer's disease.Diabetology & metabolic syndrome · 2025Review
- Cognitive dysfunction in diabetes - the 'forgotten' diabetes complication: a narrative review.Scandinavian journal of primary health care · 2025Review
- Orexin-A Attenuates the Inflammatory Response in Sepsis-Associated Encephalopathy by Modulating Oxidative Stress and Inhibiting the ERK/NF-κB Signaling Pathway in Microglia and Astrocytes.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2024Article
- Gliclazide Ameliorates Neuronal Injury by Attenuating Oxidative Stress in D-gal-Induced Senescent Cells and Aging Mice.Molecular neurobiology · 2024Article
- Therapeutic effects of orexin-A in sepsis-associated encephalopathy in mice.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2024Article
- In-depth Mechanism, Challenges, and Opportunities of Delivering Therapeutics in Brain Using Intranasal Route.AAPS PharmSciTech · 2024Review
- Triglyceride-glucose index predicts postoperative delirium in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a retrospective cohort study.Lipids in health and disease · 2024Article
- Sleep-associated insulin resistance promotes neurodegeneration.Molecular biology reports · 2023Review
- Insulin action in the brain: cell types, circuits, and diseases.Trends in neurosciences · 2022Review
- Peripheral versus central insulin and leptin resistance: Role in metabolic disorders, cognition, and neuropsychiatric diseases.Neuropharmacology · 2022Review
- Toward the Decipherment of Molecular Interactions in the Diabetic Brain.Biomedicines · 2022Review
- Therapeutic approaches for improving cognitive function in the aging brain.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2022Review
- Neuroprotection by dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 analogsWorld journal of biological chemistry · 2021Review
- Insulin and α-Tocopherol Enhance the Protective Effect of Each Other on Brain Cortical Neurons under Oxidative Stress Conditions and in Rat Two-Vessel Forebrain Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Article
- Novel Targets and Interventions for Cognitive Complications of Diabetes.Frontiers in physiology · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The intranasal (IN) administration of neuropeptides, such as insulin and orexins, has been suggested as a treatment strategy for age-related cognitive decline (ARCD). Because dysfunctional neuropeptide signaling is an observed characteristic of ARCD, it has been suggested that IN delivery of insulin and/or orexins may restore endogenous peptide signaling and thereby preserve cognition. IN administration is particularly alluring as it is a relatively non-invasive method that directly targets peptides to the brain. Several laboratories have examined the behavioral effects of IN insulin in young, aged, and cognitively impaired rodents and humans. These studies demonstrated improved performance on various cognitive tasks following IN insulin administration. Fewer laboratories have assessed the effects of IN orexins; however, this peptide also holds promise as an effective treatment for ARCD through the activation of the cholinergic system and/or the reduction of neuroinflammation. Here, we provide a brief overview of the advantages of IN administration and the delivery pathway, then summarize the current literature on IN insulin and orexins. Additional preclinical studies will be useful to ultimately uncover the mechanisms underlying the pro-cognitive effects of IN insulin and orexins, whereas future clinical studies will aid in the determination of the most efficacious dose and dosing paradigm. Eventually, IN insulin and/or orexin administration may be a widely used treatment strategy in the clinic for ARCD.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.