Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33620749›Full record

ArticleAddiction (Abingdon, England)2021

Impact of cumulative incarceration and the post-release period on syringe-sharing among people who inject drugs in Tijuana, Mexico: a longitudinal analysis.

Carlos D Rivera Saldana, Leo Beletsky, Annick Borquez, Susan M Kiene, Steffanie A Strathdee, María Luisa Zúñiga, Natasha K Martin, Javier Cepeda

Open access · greenAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Addiction (Abingdon, England), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
5citing papers in PubMed
0.8field-weighted citation impact, top 30% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

5 citing papers in PubMed, 7 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Trial
  2. Article
  3. Review
  4. Observational
  5. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.

Carlos D Rivera SaldanaDivision of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-8685-7798
Leo BeletskyDivision of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
Annick BorquezDivision of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
Susan M KieneSchool of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-8922-5289
Steffanie A StrathdeeDivision of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
María Luisa ZúñigaSchool of Social Work, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.
Natasha K MartinDivision of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
Javier CepedaDivision of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
San Diego State University · USUniversity of California San Diego · USNortheastern University · USUniversity of Bristol · GB

Funding

UC San Diego Clinical and Translational Research InstituteUL1TR001442 · NCATS · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO · PI FIRESTEIN, GARY S, HOGARTH, MICHAEL · 2015 to 2024
$88.3M
VirologyP30AI036214 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO · PI SUSAN JANET LITTLE · 1994 to 2026
$78.4M
Impact of Drug Policy Reform on the HIV Risk Environment among IDUs in TijuanaR37DA019829 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO · PI STRATHDEE, STEFFANIE A. · 2010 to 2019
$6.7M
Police Training to Reduce Occupational Needlesticks and HIV among Substance UsersR01DA039073 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO · PI BELETSKY, LEO, STRATHDEE, STEFFANIE A. · 2015 to 2019
$3.2M
Real-time prediction of emerging drug use epidemics in the United StatesDP2DA049295 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO · PI BORQUEZ, ANNICK · 2019 to 2019
$2.4M
Optimizing HIV prevention portfolios targeting people who inject drugs using dynamic economic modelingR01AI147490 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO · PI MARTIN, NATASHA · 2019 to 2022
$2.3M
Modeling Structural HIV Determinants in Substance Users and related populationsR01DA037773 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO · PI MARTIN, NATASHA, STRATHDEE, STEFFANIE A. · 2015 to 2017
$1.4M
MODELING THE IMPACT OF A POLICE EDUCATION PROGRAM ON HIV INCIDENCE AMONG PEOPLE WHO INJECT DRUGSK01DA043421 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO · PI CEPEDA, JAVIER · 2017 to 2021
$941k
NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001442NIAID NIH HHS P30 AI036214NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI147490NIDA NIH HHS DP2 DA049295NIDA NIH HHS K01 DA043421NIDA NIH HHS R01 DA037773NIDA NIH HHS R01 DA039073NIDA NIH HHS R37 DA019829
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND

aimsSyringe-sharing among people who inject drugs, which can occur during incarceration and post-release, has been linked with increased risk of blood-borne infections. We aimed to investigate the cumulative effect of repeated incarceration and the post-release period on receptive syringe-sharing.

designOngoing community-based cohort, recruited through targeted sampling between 2011 and 2012 with 6-month follow-ups.

settingTijuana, Mexico.

participantsSample of 185 participants (median age 35 years; 67% female) with no history of incarceration at study entry, followed to 2017. MEASUREMENTS: Cumulative incarceration and post-release period were constructed from incarceration events reported in the past 6 months for each study visit. Receptive syringe-sharing in the past 6 months was assessed as a binary variable. We used logistic regression with generalized estimating equations to examine the association between cumulative incarceration events and the post-release period with receptive syringe-sharing over time. Missing data were handled through multiple imputation.

findingsAt baseline, 65% of participants engaged in receptive syringe-sharing in the prior 6 months. At follow-up, 150 (81%) participants experienced a total of 358 incarceration events [median = 2, interquartile range (IQR) = 1-3]. The risk of receptive syringe-sharing increased with the number of repeated incarcerations. Compared with never incarcerated, those with one incarceration had 1.28 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.97-1.68] higher adjusted odds of syringe-sharing; two to three incarcerations, 1.42 (95% CI = 1.02-1.99) and more than three incarcerations, 2.10 (95% CI = 1.15-3.85). Participants released within the past 6 months had 1.53 (95% CI = 1.14-2.05) higher odds of sharing syringes compared with those never incarcerated. This post-release risk continued up to 1.5 years post-incarceration (adjusted odds ratio = 1.41, 95% CI = 1.04-1.91), but then waned.

conclusionsA longitudinal community cohort study among people who inject drugs suggested that the effects of incarceration on increased injecting risk, measured through syringe-sharing, are cumulative and persist during the post-release period.

Indexed as

HIV InfectionsPharmaceutical PreparationsSubstance Abuse, IntravenousCohort StudiesFemaleHumansInfant, NewbornMaleMexicoNeedle SharingSyringesPharmaceutical PreparationsCumulative incarcerationlongitudinalmultiple imputationpost-releasePWIDre-entryTijuana

Identifiers

PMID33620749
PMCPMC8380753
OpenAlexW3130589005

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.