ArticleJournal of leukocyte biology2021
IL-38 prevents induction of trained immunity by inhibition of mTOR signaling.
Article in Journal of leukocyte biology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 39 citations in OpenAlex.
- Immunobiological Properties and Clinical Applications of Interleukin-38 for Immune-Mediated Disorders: A Systematic Review Study.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Pooled it
- Trained immunity modulators: A new frontier in immunoregulation and disease intervention.Journal of advanced research · 2026Review
- Interleukin-38 is a negative regulator of trained immunity-A retrospective multi-omics study.iScience · 2025Article
- IL-1 family cytokines in inflammation and immunity.Cellular & molecular immunology · 2025Review
- Aurora kinase A promotes trained immunity via regulation of endogenous S-adenosylmethionine metabolism.eLife · 2025Article
- Review
- Beyond Adaptive Immunity: Trained Innate Immune Responses as a Novel Frontier in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Therapy.Cancers · 2025Review
- BCG-derived acellular membrane vesicles elicit antimycobacterial immunity and innate immune memory.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Trained Immunity and Trained Tolerance: The Case ofInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Emerging functions and therapeutic targets of IL-38 in central nervous system diseases.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2024Review
- IL-38 regulates intestinal stem cell homeostasis by inducing WNT signaling and beneficial IL-1β secretion.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2023Article
- Resolving sepsis-induced immunoparalysis via trained immunity by targeting interleukin-4 to myeloid cells.Nature biomedical engineering · 2023Article
- Opposing Effects of Interleukin-36γ and Interleukin-38 on Trained Immunity.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Interleukin-38 promoter variants and risk of COVID-19 among Iraqis.Immunobiology · 2022Article
- Novel insights into the role of anti-inflammatory IL-38 in immunity against infection.Cellular & molecular immunology · 2022Article
- Trained immunity: A Yin-Yang balance.MedComm · 2022Review
- Innate Immune Memory and the Host Response to Infection.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2022Review
- Trained Immunity: An Overview and the Impact on COVID-19.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Circulating interleukin-38 concentrations in healthy adults.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- IL-38 Gene Deletion Worsens Murine Colitis.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Trained immunity is the acquisition of a hyperresponsive phenotype by innate immune cells (such as monocytes and macrophages) after an infection or vaccination, a de facto nonspecific memory dependent on epigenetic and metabolic reprogramming of these cells. We have recently shown that induction of trained immunity is dependent on IL-1β. Here, we show that recombinant IL-38, an anti-inflammatory cytokine of the IL-1-family, was able to induce long-term inhibitory changes and reduce the induction of trained immunity by β-glucan in vivo in C57BL/6 mice and ex vivo in their bone marrow cells. IL-38 blocked mTOR signaling and prevented the epigenetic and metabolic changes induced by β-glucan. In healthy subjects, the IL1F10 associated single nucleotide polymorphism rs58965312 correlated with higher plasma IL-38 concentrations and reduced induction of trained immunity by β-glucan ex vivo. These results indicate that IL-38 induces long-term anti-inflammatory changes and also inhibits the induction of trained immunity. Recombinant IL-38 could therefore potentially be used as a therapeutic intervention for diseases characterized by exacerbated trained immunity.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.