Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33619836›Full record

ArticleThe Journal of rural health : official journal of the American Rural Health Association and the National Rural Health Care Association2021

Rural and Urban Differences in COVID-19 Prevention Behaviors.

Timothy Callaghan, Jennifer A Lueck, Kristin Lunz Trujillo, Alva O Ferdinand

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in The Journal of rural health : official journal of the American Rural Health Association and the National Rural Health Care Association, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 121 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
121citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

121 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

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  16. Metropolitan/nonmetropolitan differences of the impact of COVID-19 on cancer survivors' care.The Journal of rural health : official journal of the American Rural Health Association and the National Rural Health Care Association · 2025
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  17. Trends in mental health care utilization in rural and nonrural areas, 2019-2023.The Journal of rural health : official journal of the American Rural Health Association and the National Rural Health Care Association · 2025
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61 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Timothy CallaghanDepartment of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-9056-9123
Jennifer A LueckDepartment of Communication, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA.
Kristin Lunz TrujilloDepartment of Political Science, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
Alva O FerdinandDepartment of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purposeTo examine whether the adoption of COVID-19-related preventive health behaviors vary in rural versus urban communities of the United States while accounting for the influence of political ideology, demographic factors, and COVID-19 experiences.

methodsWe rely on a representative survey of 5009 American adults collected from May 28 to June 8, 2020. We analyze the influence of rural status, political ideology, demographic factors, and COVID-19 experiences on self-reported adoption of 8 COVID-19-related preventive health behaviors.

findingsRural residents are significantly less likely to have worn a mask in public, sanitized their home or workplace with disinfectant, avoided dining at restaurants or bars, or worked from home. These findings, with the exception of dining out, are robust to the inclusion of measures accounting for political ideology, demographic factors, and COVID-19 experiences.

conclusionsRural residents are significantly less likely to participate in several COVID-19-related preventive health behaviors. This reality could exacerbate existing disparities in health access and outcomes for rural Americans. Health messaging targeted at improving COVID-19 preventive behavior adoption in rural America is warranted.

Indexed as

Health BehaviorAge FactorsCOVID-19HumansPrimary PreventionRural PopulationSurveys and QuestionnairesUnited StatesUrban PopulationCOVID-19health behaviorpreventionrural

Identifiers

PMID33619836
PMCPMC8013340

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.