ArticleJournal of the American Geriatrics Society2021
Frailty and comorbidity in predicting community COVID-19 mortality in the U.K. Biobank: The effect of sampling.
Article in Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 59 citations in OpenAlex.
- Large-scale genome-wide analyses with proteomics integration reveal novel loci and biological insights into frailty.Nature aging · 2025Pooled it
- Multimorbidity and frailty are associated with poorer SARS-CoV-2-related outcomes: systematic review of population-based studies.Aging clinical and experimental research · 2024Pooled it
- Frailty and risks of all-cause and cause-specific death in community-dwelling adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC geriatrics · 2022Pooled it
- Assessing the age specificity of infection fatality rates for COVID-19: systematic review, meta-analysis, and public policy implications.European journal of epidemiology · 2020Pooled it
- Impact of Social Isolation on Inflammatory Bowel Disease Risk and the Mitigating Effect of a Healthy Lifestyle.International journal of behavioral medicine · 2026Article
- Physical frailty, genetic risk, mediating biomarkers, and risk of suicide attempt: A prospective cohort study.PLoS medicine · 2026Article
- Extensive antibiotic use during early life and risk of frailty: a population-based cohort study in the UK biobank.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Prediction of Mortality in Iranian Elderly Using Frailty Index.Journal of caring sciences · 2025Article
- Machine learning prediction of survival in centenarians after age 100: a retrospective, population-based cohort study.The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences · 2025Article
- Physical Resilience After Hip Fracture: Unpacking the Roles of Resistance and Recovery.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · 2025Article
- Mapping the Final Journey: End-Of-Life Frailty Trajectories and Cause of Death.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · 2025Article
- Factors Influencing the Implementation of a Multispecialty Virtual Ward Program in the United Kingdom: Qualitative Exploration of Staff Experiences and Perspectives.Journal of medical Internet research · 2025Article
- Relationship between multimorbidity, SARS-COV-2 infection and long COVID: a cross-sectional population-based French survey.BMC medicine · 2025Article
- Association between sepsis and all-cause and cause-specific premature mortality: a prospective cohort study.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Dietary Anthocyanin Intake, Genetic Risk, and Incident Ulcerative Colitis: A Prospective Cohort Study.Phytotherapy research : PTR · 2024Article
- Risk of subsequent gastrointestinal disease assessed by skeletal muscle strength and mass in a prospective cohort study.iScience · 2024Article
- Article
- Ambient Air Pollution and Risk of Enterotomy, Gastrointestinal Cancer, and All-Cause Mortality among 4,708 Individuals with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Prospective Cohort Study.Environmental health perspectives · 2023Article
- Frailty predicts referral for elder abuse evaluation in a nationwide healthcare system-Results from a case-control study.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · 2023Article
- Comparison of two different frailty scales in the longitudinal Swedish Adoption/Twin Study of Aging (SATSA).Scandinavian journal of public health · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
BACKGROUND/
objectivesFrailty has been linked to increased risk of COVID-19 mortality, but evidence is mainly limited to hospitalized older individuals. This study aimed to assess and compare predictive abilities of different frailty and comorbidity measures for COVID-19 mortality in a community sample and COVID-19 inpatients.
designPopulation-based cohort study.
settingCommunity.
participantsWe analyzed (i) the full sample of 410,199 U.K. Biobank participants in England, aged 49-86 years, and (ii) a subsample of 2812 COVID-19 inpatients with COVID-19 data from March 1 to November 30, 2020. MEASUREMENTS: Frailty was defined using the physical frailty phenotype (PFP), frailty index (FI), and Hospital Frailty Risk Score (HFRS), and comorbidity using the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI). PFP and FI were available at baseline, whereas HFRS and CCI were assessed both at baseline and concurrently with the start of the pandemic. Inpatient COVID-19 cases were confirmed by PCR and/or hospital records. COVID-19 mortality was ascertained from death registers.
resultsOverall, 514 individuals died of COVID-19. In the full sample, all frailty and comorbidity measures were associated with higher COVID-19 mortality risk after adjusting for age and sex. However, the associations were stronger for the concurrent versus baseline HFRS and CCI, with odds ratios of 20.40 (95% confidence interval = 16.24-25.63) comparing high (>15) to low (<5) concurrent HFRS risk category and 1.53 (1.48-1.59) per point increase in concurrent CCI. Moreover, only the concurrent HFRS or CCI significantly improved predictive ability of a model including age and sex, yielding areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) >0.8. When restricting analyses to COVID-19 inpatients, similar improvement in AUC was not observed.
conclusionHFRS and CCI constructed from medical records concurrent with the start of the pandemic can be used in COVID-19 mortality risk stratification at the population level, but they show limited added value in COVID-19 inpatients.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.