ArticleEuropean journal of integrative medicine2021
Association of smoking history with severe and critical outcomes in COVID-19 patients: A systemic review and meta-analysis.
Article in European journal of integrative medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 41 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
41 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Smoking is associated with worse outcomes of COVID-19 particularly among younger adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC public health · 2021Pooled it
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- Expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry-associated proteins in COPD airways: an immunohistochemical study.The Journal of pathology · 2025Article
- Risk factors for all-cause mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic compared with the pre-pandemic period in an adult population of Arkhangelsk, Russia.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Association between long-term smoking cessation and COVID-19 outcomes: Findings from a nationwide crosssectional online survey in China.Tobacco induced diseases · 2025Article
- COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance among People who Smoke in Rural Southwest Georgia: Perspectives and Influencing Factors.Journal of the Georgia Public Health Association · 2025Article
- Article
- Article
- Advancing progress on tobacco control in low-income and middle-income countries through economic analysis.Tobacco control · 2024Article
- Article
- Frequency of subclinical interstitial lung disease in COVID-19 autopsy cases: potential risk factors of severe pneumonia.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2023Review
- COVID-19 infection and mortality among non-pregnant indigenous adults in Mexico 2020-2022: Impact of marginalisation.Journal of global health · 2023Article
- COVID-19 Vaccination Booster Dose: Knowledge, Practices, and Intention among Pregnant/Planning to Get Pregnant and Lactating Women.Vaccines · 2023Article
- Does misclassification of former tobacco smokers explain the 'smoker's paradox' in the risk of COVID-19? Insights from the Stockholm Public Health Cohort.Scandinavian journal of public health · 2023Article
- The predisposition of smokers to COVID-19 infection: A mini-review of global perspectives.Heliyon · 2023Review
- Risk Factors Associated with the Severity of COVID-19.The Malaysian journal of medical sciences : MJMS · 2023Review
- The controversial effect of smoking and nicotine in SARS-CoV-2 infection.Allergy, asthma, and clinical immunology : official journal of the Canadian Society of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · 2023Review
- Association of combustible cigarettes and heated tobacco products use with SARS-CoV-2 infection and severe COVID-19 in Japan: a JASTIS 2022 cross-sectional study.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Geographic disparities in COVID-19 testing and outcomes in Florida.BMC public health · 2023Article
- Modifiable contributing factors to COVID-19: A comprehensive review.Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association · 2023Review
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionThe highly infectious coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has now rapidly spread around the world. This meta-analysis was strictly focused on the influence of smoking history on the severe and critical outcomes on people with COVID-19 pneumonia.
methodsA systematic literature search was conducted in eight online databases before 1 February 2021. All studies meeting our selection criteria were included and evaluated. Stata 14.0 software was used to analyze the data.
resultsA total of 109 articles involving 517,020 patients were included in this meta-analysis. A statistically significant association was discovered between smoking history and COVID-19 severity, the pooled OR was 1.55 (95%CI: 1.41-1.71). Smoking was significantly associated with the risk of admission to intensive care unit (ICU) (OR=1.73, 95%CI: 1.36-2.19), increased mortality (OR=1.58, 95%CI: 1.38-1.81), and critical diseases composite endpoints (OR=1.61, 95%CI: 1.35-1.93), whereas there was no relationship with mechanical ventilation. The pooled prevalence of smoking using the random effects model (REM) was 15% (95%CI: 14%-16%). Meta-regression analysis showed that age (
conclusionsSmoking was associated with severe or critical outcomes and increased the risk of admission to ICU and mortality in COVID-19 patients, but not associated with mechanical ventilation. This association was more significant for former smokers than in current smokers. Current smokers also had a higher risk of developing severe COVID-19 compared with non-smokers. More detailed data, which are representative of more countries, are needed to confirm these preliminary findings.
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