ArticleNature neuroscience2021
Long-term maturation of human cortical organoids matches key early postnatal transitions.
Article in Nature neuroscience, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 231 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
231 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Mapping the Cerebral Organoid Landscape: A Systematic Review of Preclinical 3D Models in Neuroscience.Advanced healthcare materials · 2026Pooled it
- The utility of animal models in hiPSC-based studies of autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review.Einstein (Sao Paulo, Brazil) · 2026Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Meta-analysis of single-cell RNA sequencing co-expression in human neural organoids reveals their high variability in recapitulating primary tissue.PLoS biology · 2024Pooled it
- A beginner's guide on the use of brain organoids for neuroscientists: a systematic review.Stem cell research & therapy · 2023Pooled it
- Central Nervous System Reservoirs and HIV Cure: Therapeutic Opportunities and Challenges.Current HIV/AIDS reports · 2026Review
- Modeling human neurodegeneration with iPSCs: opportunities, limitations, and the challenge of aging.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2026Review
- GLP-1R agonist semaglutide protects human forebrain organoids from cholesterol-induced neurotoxicity.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Article
- Using Brain Organoids to Explore Human Neurobiology.Cellular and molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- CRISPR-Enabled functional genomics in hPSCs-derived neural models for autism spectrum disorder.Metabolic brain disease · 2026Review
- Functional development of midbrain and pons during human gestation and electrophysiological markers for DS intervention.Journal of advanced research · 2026Article
- Article
- Vascularized Brain Organoids: Advances in Engineering Human Neurovascular Models.International journal of stem cells · 2026Review
- Generation, differentiation, and potential of three radial glial subtypes in human cortical organoids.BMB reports · 2026Review
- Article
- Optimized Midbrain Organoid Transplantation Restores Dopaminergic Nigrostriatal Pathway and Motor Function in Parkinson's Disease Mouse Model.Neuroscience bulletin · 2026Article
- β-Hydroxybutyrate Exposure is Associated with Increased THCellular and molecular neurobiology · 2026Article
- Neural Organoid Models as a Platform for Studying Disease Mechanisms in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.Journal of neurochemistry · 2026Review
- A human corticospinal organoid-slice connectoid model informs enhancer strategies for post-injury axon regrowth.Cell reports · 2026Article
- Article
171 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Human stem-cell-derived models provide the promise of accelerating our understanding of brain disorders, but not knowing whether they possess the ability to mature beyond mid- to late-fetal stages potentially limits their utility. We leveraged a directed differentiation protocol to comprehensively assess maturation in vitro. Based on genome-wide analysis of the epigenetic clock and transcriptomics, as well as RNA editing, we observe that three-dimensional human cortical organoids reach postnatal stages between 250 and 300 days, a timeline paralleling in vivo development. We demonstrate the presence of several known developmental milestones, including switches in the histone deacetylase complex and NMDA receptor subunits, which we confirm at the protein and physiological levels. These results suggest that important components of an intrinsic in vivo developmental program persist in vitro. We further map neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disease risk genes onto in vitro gene expression trajectories to provide a resource and webtool (Gene Expression in Cortical Organoids, GECO) to guide disease modeling.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.