ArticleInternational reviews of immunology2022
Cytokine release syndrome in COVID-19: a major mechanism of morbidity and mortality.
Article in International reviews of immunology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 103 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
103 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 163 citations in OpenAlex.
- Interleukin-6 inhibitors reduce mortality in coronavirus disease-2019: An individual patient data meta-analysis from randomized controlled trials.European journal of internal medicine · 2022Pooled it
- Efficacy and safety of baricitinib and tocilizumab in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: A comparison using systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2022Pooled it
- COVID-19-Associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (CARDS): Mechanistic insights on therapeutic intervention and emerging trends.International immunopharmacology · 2021Pooled it
- Clinical and Immunologic Effects of Extracorporeal Cytokine Removal in Patients with Septic Shock: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Shock (Augusta, Ga.) · 2026Trial
- Pharmacokinetics, Safety and Tolerability of Intravenous Lenzilumab, an Anti-GM-CSF Monoclonal Antibody Drug, in Healthy Korean Subjects.Drug design, development and therapy · 2025Trial
- Effectiveness and safety of normoxic allogenic umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells administered as adjunctive treatment in patients with severe COVID-19.Scientific reports · 2023Trial
- Comparison of the efficacy of equivalent doses of dexamethasone, methylprednisolone, and hydrocortisone for treatment of COVID-19-related acute respiratory distress syndrome: a prospective three-arm randomized clinical trial.Wiener medizinische Wochenschrift (1946) · 2023Trial
- Effectiveness and safety profile of mesenchymal stem cell secretome as a treatment for severe cases of COVID-19: a randomized controlled trial.F1000Research · 2022Trial
- Mesenchymal stem cell derived exosomes mitigate COVID-19 cytokine storm via Annexin A1 and TGF-β mediated MAPK pathway inhibition.Stem cell research & therapy · 2026Article
- Macrophage makeover extreme viral edition: mechanisms of immune subversion and therapeutic perspectives.The Journal of general virology · 2026Review
- MIS-C: Diagnosis, Management, and Outcomes.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Review
- Longitudinal trajectories of hematological indices and serum metalloproteinases-2 and 9 over 1 year after moderate and severe COVID-19.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Association of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, TNF-α, and IFN-α With Severe Pediatric COVID-19 and Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome.Biomarker insights · 2026Article
- Comparison of risk factors and outcomes of raised vs normal cardiac troponin levels in COVID-19 patients: a retrospective study.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Follow-up of patients with mild COVID-19 using subjective, acoustic, and aerodynamic measurements.World journal of otorhinolaryngology - head and neck surgery · 2025Article
- Multiplex Targeted Proteomic Analysis of Cytokine Ratios for ICU Mortality in Severe COVID-19.Proteomes · 2025Article
- Mucosal implications of oral Jak3-targeted drugs in COVID patients.Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2025Review
- Reactivation of Latent Tuberculosis Following COVID-19 and Epstein-Barr Virus Coinfection: A Case Report.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Association Between Nursing Diagnoses and Mortality in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19: A Retrospective Cohort Study.Nursing reports (Pavia, Italy) · 2025Article
- Article
43 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
15 authors at 6 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) triggered by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) erupted in Hubei Province of China in December 2019 and has become a pandemic. Severe COVID-19 patients who suffer from acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multi-organ dysfunction have high mortality. Several studies have shown that this is closely related to the cytokine release syndrome (CRS), often loosely referred to as cytokine storm. IL-6 is one of the key factors and its level is positively correlated with the severity of the disease. The molecular mechanisms for CRS in COVID-19 are related to the effects of the S-protein and N-protein of the virus and its ability to trigger NF-κB activation by disabling the inhibitory component IκB. This leads to activation of immune cells and the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and TNF-α. Other mechanisms related to IL-6 include its interaction with GM-CSF and interferon responses. The pivotal role of IL-6 makes it a target for therapeutic agents and studies on tocilizumab are already ongoing. Other possible targets of treating CRS in COVID-19 include IL-1β and TNF-α. Recently, reports of a CRS like illness called multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) in children have surfaced, with a variable presentation which in some cases resembles Kawasaki disease. It is likely that the immunological derangement and cytokine release occurring in COVID-19 cases is variable, or on a spectrum, that can potentially be governed by genetic factors. Currently, there are no approved biological modulators for the treatment of COVID-19, but the urgency of the pandemic has led to numerous clinical trials worldwide. Ultimately, there is great promise that an anti-inflammatory modulator targeting a cytokine storm effect may prove to be very beneficial in reducing morbidity and mortality in COVID-19 patients.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.