ReviewFrontiers in cardiovascular medicine2021
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: Cardiotoxicity in Pre-clinical Models and Clinical Studies.
Review in Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 23 citations in OpenAlex.
- Electrocardiographic changes in immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated cardiac injury: a narrative review.Cardiovascular diagnosis and therapy · 2026Review
- Combined Nivolumab and Ipilimumab Therapy Promotes Immune-Mediated Cardiomyocyte Apoptosis Through TLR4-Myd88-NF-Human mutation · 2026Article
- Risk factors of immune checkpoint inhibitor-related cardiotoxicity: a scoping review.The oncologist · 2025Article
- Early microvascular coronary endothelial dysfunction precedes pembrolizumab-induced cardiotoxicity. Preventive role of high dose of atorvastatin.Basic research in cardiology · 2025Article
- The Good (Tumor Killing) and the Bad (Cardiovascular Complications) of Immunologic Checkpoint Inhibitors.Current cardiology reports · 2024Review
- Cardiotoxic profiles of CAR-T therapy and bispecific T-cell engagers in hematological cancers.Communications medicine · 2024Article
- Review
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors and Their Cardiovascular Adverse Effects.Oncology reviews · 2023Review
- Echocardiographic and Cardiac MRI Comparison of Longitudinal Strain and Strain Rate in Cancer Patients Treated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors.Journal of personalized medicine · 2022Article
- Pharmaceutical Prevention and Management of Cardiotoxicity in Hematological Malignancies.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors-Associated Cardiotoxicity.Cancers · 2022Article
- Flow Cytometric Measurement of Reactive Oxygen Species to Assess the Effects of Preconditioning Total Body Irradiation on NOG Mice.Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP · 2022Article
- Preclinical models of radiation-induced cardiac toxicity: Potential mechanisms and biomarkers.Frontiers in oncology · 2022Review
- Overcoming the cardiac toxicities of cancer therapy immune checkpoint inhibitors.Frontiers in oncology · 2022Review
- Cardiotoxicity and Chemotherapy-The Role of Precision Medicine.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- Review
- Article
- Human Organoids for Predictive Toxicology Research and Drug Development.Frontiers in genetics · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Since the approval of the first immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) 9 years ago, ICI-therapy have revolutionized cancer treatment. Lately, antibodies blocking the interaction of programmed cell death protein (PD-1) and ligand (PD-L1) are gaining momentum as a cancer treatment, with multiple agents and cancer types being recently approved for treatment by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Unfortunately, immunotherapy often leads to a wide range of immune related adverse events (IRAEs), including several severe cardiac effects and most notably myocarditis. While increased attention has been drawn to these side effects, including publication of multiple clinical observational data, the underlying mechanisms are unknown. In the event of IRAEs, the most widely utilized clinical solution is administration of high dose corticosteroids and in severe cases, discontinuation of these ICIs. This is detrimental as these therapies are often the last line of treatment options for many types of advanced cancer. In this review, we have systematically described the pathophysiology of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis (including a historical perspective) and cardiac effects in pre-clinical models, clinical trials, autoimmune mechanisms, and immunotherapy in combination with other cancer treatments. We have also reviewed the current challenges in the diagnosis of cardiac events and future directions in the field. In conclusion, this review will delve into this expanding field of cancer immunotherapy and the emerging adverse effects that should be quickly detected and prevented.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.