Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33612187›Full record

ArticleJournal of substance abuse treatment2021

"An undercover problem in the Muslim community": A qualitative study of imams' perspectives on substance use.

Sarah Mallik, Joanna L Starrels, Casey Shannon, Kea Edwards, Shadi Nahvi

Open access · greenAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of substance abuse treatment, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
11citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
0.4field-weighted citation impact, top 30% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

11 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 20 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
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  4. 'Oh! It's Like Taboo': Perspectives of Religious and Community Leaders on AOD Use, Harms and Treatment in CALD Communities, Sydney.Health promotion journal of Australia : official journal of Australian Association of Health Promotion Professionals · 2025
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.

Sarah MallikDepartment of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Health System, 111 East 210th Street, Bronx, NY 10467, USA. Electronic address: smallik@montefiore.org.
Joanna L StarrelsDepartment of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Health System, 111 East 210th Street, Bronx, NY 10467, USA. Electronic address: joanna.starrels@einsteinmed.org.
Casey ShannonIndependent Researcher, USA. Electronic address: casey.r.shannon.phd@gmail.com.
Kea EdwardsDepartment of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Health System, 111 East 210th Street, Bronx, NY 10467, USA. Electronic address: kea.edwards@ucsf.edu.
Shadi NahviDepartment of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Health System, 111 East 210th Street, Bronx, NY 10467, USA. Electronic address: snahvi@montefiore.org.
Albert Einstein College of Medicine · USFilm Independent · US

Funding

Achieving smoking cessation milestones in opioid treatment patients: a randomized 2 x 2 factorial trial of directly observed and long-term vareniclineR01DA042813 · NIDA · ALBERT EINSTEIN COLLEGE OF MEDICINE, INC · PI NAHVI, SHADI · 2017 to 2022
$3.4M
Prescription opioid use, misuse, disorders and HIV outcomesR01DA039046 · NIDA · ALBERT EINSTEIN COLLEGE OF MEDICINE, INC · PI STARRELS, JOANNA L. · 2015 to 2018
$2.4M
Mentoring Junior Investigators to Tackle the Opioid EpidemicK24DA046309 · NIDA · ALBERT EINSTEIN COLLEGE OF MEDICINE, INC · PI STARRELS, JOANNA L. · 2018 to 2023
$876k
NIDA NIH HHS K24 DA046309NIDA NIH HHS R01 DA039046NIDA NIH HHS R01 DA042813
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundMainstream Islam prohibits alcohol and other drugs, yet substance use is prevalent in Muslim-American communities. Previous studies have not examined how imams, leaders of mosques, address substance use in their communities. This study aimed to explore imams' perspectives and approaches toward Muslim Americans with substance use disorders (SUD).

methodsQualitative study of imams in New York City recruited by convenience sampling. We conducted one-on-one semi-structured interviews to address how imams perceive and address substance use. Using an inductive thematic analysis approach, we created an initial coding scheme which was refined iteratively, identified prominent themes, and created an explanatory model to depict relationships between themes.

resultsAll imams described substance use within a shared underlying framework of religious prohibition of alcohol and other drugs. Their perceptions of individuals with SUD diverged between a focus on sin, shame, and social disruption vs. a focus on acceptance and forgiveness. Furthermore, imams diverged between conceptualizing their communities as comprising mosque-going individuals without SUD vs. broader communities that include individuals with SUD. While imams acknowledged how some imams' judgmental language toward SUD may perpetuate stigma, they also identified therapeutic approaches toward SUD: non-judgmental engagement, encouragement of recovery, prayer, and referral to resources.

conclusionsThis study is among the first to illustrate the range of perceptions and approaches to substance use among Muslim American imams. These perceptions have potentially divergent impacts- shaming or assisting individuals with SUD. An understanding of these complexities can inform provision of culturally competent care to Muslim-American patients with SUD.

Indexed as

IslamSubstance-Related DisordersClergyHumansNew York CityQualitative ResearchAlcohol useImamsMuslimSubstance useSubstance use disorder

Identifiers

PMID33612187
PMCPMC7900615
OpenAlexW3106663926

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.