ArticleJournal of cellular and molecular medicine2021
Metformin attenuates post-epidural fibrosis by inhibiting the TGF-β1/Smad3 and HMGB1/TLR4 signaling pathways.
Article in Journal of cellular and molecular medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 23 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pharmacotherapies to prevent epidural fibrosis after laminectomy: a systematic review of in vitro and in vivo animal models.The spine journal : official journal of the North American Spine Society · 2023Pooled it
- Ginsenoside Rg1 mitigates epidural fibrosis after laminectomy in rats: histopathological, TUNEL, and transcriptional evidence.European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society · 2026Article
- The augmentative role of chitosan and platelet-rich fibrin in reducing epidural fibrosis after laminectomy in rats.European journal of medical research · 2025Article
- Hederagenin promotes SIRT6 to attenuate epidural scar formation by aggravating PRMT1 deacetylation.Bone & joint research · 2025Article
- Platelet-rich fibrin and silver nano-particles loaded chitosan treatment for post- laminectomy epidural scar adhesions: in vivo rats study model.BMC neuroscience · 2025Article
- Baricitinib in chronic kidney disease: an exploratory analysis integrating network toxicology, molecular docking and pharmacovigilance.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Pirfenidone regulates seizures through the HMGB1/TLR4 axis to improve cognitive functions and modulate oxidative stress and neurotransmitters in PTZ-induced kindling in mice.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2024Article
- TLR4 induced TRPM2 mediated neuropathic pain.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2024Review
- Chronic pain after spine surgery: Insights into pathogenesis, new treatment, and preventive therapy.Journal of orthopaedic translation · 2023Review
- MicroRNA-29a Mitigates Laminectomy-Induced Spinal Epidural Fibrosis and Gait Dysregulation by Repressing TGF-β1 and IL-6.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Laminin α1 as a target for the treatment of epidural fibrosis by regulating fibrotic mechanisms.International journal of molecular medicine · 2023Article
- Protection by metformin against severe Covid-19: An in-depth mechanistic analysis.Diabetes & metabolism · 2022Review
- High Mobility Group Box 1: Biological Functions and Relevance in Oxidative Stress Related Chronic Diseases.Cells · 2022Review
- Superhydrophilic PLGA-Graft-PVP/PC Nanofiber Membranes for the Prevention of Epidural Adhesion.International journal of nanomedicine · 2022Article
- Metformin attenuates post-epidural fibrosis by inhibiting the TGF-β1/Smad3 and HMGB1/TLR4 signaling pathways.Journal of cellular and molecular medicine · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Excessive post-epidural fibrosis is a common cause of recurrent back pain after spinal surgery. Though various treatment methods have been conducted, the safe and effective drug for alleviating post-epidural fibrosis remains largely unknown. Metformin, a medicine used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes, has been noted to relieve fibrosis in various organs. In the present study, we aimed to explore the roles and mechanisms of metformin in scar formation in a mouse model of laminectomy. Post-epidural fibrosis developed in a mouse model of laminectomy by spinous process and the T12-L2 vertebral plate with a rongeur. With the administration of metformin, post-epidural fibrosis was reduced, accompanied with decreased collagen and fibronectin in the scar tissues. Mechanistically, metformin decreased fibronectin and collagen deposition in fibroblast cells, and this effect was dependent on the HMGB1/TLR4 and TGF-β1/Smad3 signalling pathways. In addition, metformin influenced the metabolomics of the fibroblast cells. Taken together, our study suggests that metformin may be a potential option to mitigate epidural fibrosis after laminectomy.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.