SynthesisJournal of neurology2022
Functional neurological disorder and multiple sclerosis: a systematic review of misdiagnosis and clinical overlap.
Synthesis in Journal of neurology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 58 citations in OpenAlex.
- Trial
- Coexisting Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome on Autonomic Reflex Testing in Functional Neurologic Disorder.The American journal of case reports · 2026Article
- Bridging Brain Science and Technology: How AI Is Shaping the Future of Neuroimaging in Autism.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Label-Free SERS Fingerprinting of Neuroprotein Conformational Dynamics in Human Saliva.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2026Article
- Ocular Motor Abnormalities in Functional Neurological Disorder: A Video-Oculography Study.Movement disorders clinical practice · 2026Article
- Bodily experiences in multiple sclerosis: functional neurological symptoms, body image dissatisfaction, and disordered eating behaviors. A narrative review.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Review
- The Complex Pathway of Conventional Investigations before the Diagnosis of Functional Motor Disorders.Movement disorders clinical practice · 2025Article
- Positive cerebrospinal fluid in the 2024 McDonald criteria for multiple sclerosis.EBioMedicine · 2025Review
- Unraveling functional neurological disorder in pediatric populations: A systematic review of diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes.World journal of clinical pediatrics · 2025Article
- Iatrogenic harm in functional neurological disorder.Brain : a journal of neurology · 2025Review
- Contemporary positive signs of functional limb weakness in post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2: an exploratory analysis of their utility in diagnosis and follow-up.BMJ neurology open · 2025Article
- Migraine and functional neurological disorder (FND)-a review of comorbidity and potential overlap.Brain communications · 2025Review
- Multi-modal EEG NEO-FFI with Trained Attention Layer (MENTAL) for mental disorder prediction.Brain informatics · 2024Article
- Consensus-Based Guidelines for Communicating a Misdiagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis to Reduce Psychological Distress.Brain and behavior · 2024Article
- Opinions and experience of neurologists and neurology trainees in Saudi Arabia on functional neurological disorders: a survey based study.BMC neurology · 2024Observational
- Panic Attack, Severe Hypophosphatemia and Rhabdomyolysis in the Setting of a Motor Functional Neurological Disorder.Brain sciences · 2023Article
- Diagnostic challenges of functional neurological disorders after covid-19 disease or vaccination: case series and review of the literature.Acta neurologica Belgica · 2023Review
- Functional Neurologic Disorders, disorders to be managed by neurologists, or are neurologists wandering in a dangerous field with inadequate resources?Frontiers in psychiatry · 2023Review
- Functional Neurological Disorders and COVID-19 Vaccination.Annals of neurology · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) and functional neurological disorder (FND) are both diagnostically challenging conditions which can present with similar symptoms. We systematically reviewed the literature to identify patients with MS who were misdiagnosed with FND, patients with FND who were misdiagnosed with MS, and reports of patients with both conditions. In addition to FND, we included studies of patients with other functional and psychiatric disorders where these caused symptoms leading to investigation for or a diagnosis of MS, which in a different context would likely have been labeled as FND. Our review suggests that MS is one of the most common causes of misdiagnosis of FND and vice versa. We discuss the clinical errors that appear to result in misdiagnoses, such as over-reliance on psychiatric comorbidity when making a diagnosis of FND or over-reliance on neuroimaging for the diagnosis of MS, and practical ways to avoid them. Comorbidity between these two conditions is also likely common, has been poorly studied, and adds complexity to diagnosis and treatment in patients with both MS and FND. Misdiagnosis and comorbidity in a landscape of emerging evidence-based treatments for both MS and FND are issues not only of clinical importance to the care of these patients, but also to treatment trials, especially of MS, where FND could be a hidden confounder.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.