ReviewAutoimmunity reviews2021
The SARS-CoV-2 as an instrumental trigger of autoimmunity.
Review in Autoimmunity reviews, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 275 papers, 9 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
275 citing papers in PubMed, 9 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 495 citations in OpenAlex.
- Neurocardiac Autonomic Dysfunction in Patients With Post-COVID-19 Condition: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.European journal of neurology · 2026Pooled it
- The immunopathological spectrum of COVID-19: from cytokine storm to autoimmunity-a systematic review.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Pooled it
- Prevalence of autoantibody responses in COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Pooled it
- Autoantibodies as potential prognostic factors for clinical outcomes related to COVID-19: a systematic review of inception prospective cohort studies with GRADE recommendations.Brazilian journal of medical and biological research = Revista brasileira de pesquisas medicas e biologica · 2025Pooled it
- Possible temporal relationship between SARS-CoV-2 infection and anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: a meta-analysis.Translational psychiatry · 2024Pooled it
- Autoimmune diabetes mellitus after COVID-19 vaccination in adult population: a systematic review of case reports.BMC endocrine disorders · 2023Pooled it
- A systematic review of the incidence, management and prognosis of new-onset autoimmune connective tissue diseases after COVID-19.Rheumatology international · 2023Pooled it
- COVID-19 associated pediatric vasculitis: A systematic review and detailed analysis of the pathogenesis.Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism · 2022Pooled it
- SARS-CoV-2 vaccine-associated subacute thyroiditis: insights from a systematic review.Journal of endocrinological investigation · 2022Pooled it
- Xenosialylation as immunological chimerism: a host-centered unifying model for viral and post-vaccination immune complications.European cytokine network · 2026Review
- Dynamic Changes and Future Trend Forecasts in the Global Burden of Guillain-Barré Syndrome: Analysis of 204 Countries and Regions From 1990 to 2021, Including the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2026Observational
- Autoimmune Features of Post-COVID-19 Vaccination Syndrome and Their Impacts on the Renin-Angiotensin System.Vaccines · 2026Review
- [Inflammatory rheumatic diseases in patients with post-COVID syndrome].Zeitschrift fur Rheumatologie · 2026Article
- Article
- Lack of molecular mimicry between HPV vaccine L1 antigen and human proteins by a computational analysis.International journal of clinical oncology · 2026Article
- Long-term risk of incident autoimmune thyroid disease after COVID-19 in patients with type 2 diabetes: a multicenter propensity score-matched cohort study.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- An Intriguing Case Report of Type 2 Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndrome Post-SARS-CoV-2: Cause or Coincidence?Endocrine, metabolic & immune disorders drug targets · 2026Review
- A descriptive multilevel analysis associating COVID-19 with polymyositis: from genetic markers and candidate mediators to clinical hematological profiles.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Clinical Spectrum and Outcomes of Post-COVID Syndrome Among Adults in Rural Kerala: A Cohort Study.Cureus · 2025Article
- Review
215 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Autoimmunity may be generated by a variety of factors by creating a hyper-stimulated state of the immune system. It had been established long ago that viruses are a substantial component of environmental factors that contribute to the production of autoimmune antibodies, as well as autoimmune diseases. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are viruses that withhold these autoimmune abilities. In a similar manner, SARS-CoV-2 may be counted to similar manifestations, as numerous records demonstrating the likelihood of COVID-19 patients to develop multiple types of autoantibodies and autoimmune diseases. In this review, we focused on the association between COVID-19 and the immune system concerning the tendency of patients to develop over 15 separate types of autoantibodies and above 10 distinct autoimmune diseases. An additional autoimmunity manifestation may be one of the common initial symptoms in COVID-19 patients, anosmia, the complete loss of the ability to sense smell, and other olfactory alterations. We summarize current knowledge on principal mechanisms that may contribute to the development of autoimmunity in the disease: the ability of SARS-CoV-2 to hyper-stimulate the immune system, induce excessive neutrophil extracellular traps formation with neutrophil-associated cytokine responses and the molecular resemblance between self-components of the host and the virus. Additionally, we will examine COVID-19 potential risk on the new-onsets of autoimmune diseases, such as antiphospholipid syndrome, Guillain-Barré syndrome, Kawasaki disease and numerous others. It is of great importance to recognize those autoimmune manifestations of COVID-19 in order to properly cope with their outcomes in the ongoing pandemic and the long-term post-pandemic period. Lastly, an effective vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 may be the best solution in dealing with the ongoing pandemic. We will discuss the new messenger RNA vaccination strategy with an emphasis on autoimmunity implications.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.