ReviewMicrobial pathogenesis2021
The pro-inflammatory cytokines in COVID-19 pathogenesis: What goes wrong?
Review in Microbial pathogenesis, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 194 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
194 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 335 citations in OpenAlex.
- Efficacy of substances containing 3 types of active ingredients-saponins, flavones, and alkaloids in regulation of cytokines in autoimmune diseases a systematic review and Meta-analysis based on animal studies.Journal of traditional Chinese medicine = Chung i tsa chih ying wen pan · 2024Pooled it
- Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of mesenchymal stromal cells to treat coronavirus disease 2019: is it too late?Cytotherapy · 2023Pooled it
- The Effect of Nitazoxanide on the Clinical Outcomes in Patients with COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Clinical drug investigation · 2022Pooled it
- Endometriosis and COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Pooled it
- Varicella-Zoster virus reactivation following severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 vaccination or infection: New insights.European journal of internal medicine · 2022Pooled it
- Mesenchymal stem/stromal cell-based therapies for COVID-19: First iteration of a living systematic review and meta-analysis: MSCs and COVID-19.Cytotherapy · 2022Pooled it
- Association between Mesenchymal Stem Cells and COVID-19 Therapy: Systematic Review and Current Trends.BioMed research international · 2022Pooled it
- Effect of Remote Ischaemic Conditioning on the Inflammatory Cytokine Cascade of COVID-19 (RIC in COVID-19): a Randomized Controlled Trial.Cardiovascular drugs and therapy · 2024Trial
- Allogenic mesenchymal stromal cells and their extracellular vesicles in COVID-19 induced ARDS: a randomized controlled trial.Stem cell research & therapy · 2023Trial
- Cytokine levels associated with favorable clinical outcome in the CAPSID randomized trial of convalescent plasma in patients with severe COVID-19.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Trial
- The CCR2 inflammatory pathway is a target for improving severe disease and pulmonary inflammation in experimental COVID-19.Virulence · 2026Article
- Juglone Protects Against CLP-Induced Sepsis by Regulating Apoptosis, Pyroptosis, and Oxidative Stress Mechanisms.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Efferocytosis of apoptotic bodies drives SARS-CoV-2 infection and macrophage inflammation.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Zinc: a metallic shield against cardiac inflammation.Metallomics : integrated biometal science · 2026Review
- Learning from an Emerging Infection: How the COVID-19 Pandemic Reshaped Gastric Cancer Care.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Effect of PEI25k/DOTAP/cholesterol liposomal formulation on the immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-encoding DNA vaccine.Biotechnologia · 2026Article
- Potential relationships between circulating gene expression ofJournal of Zhejiang University. Science. B · 2025Article
- SARS-CoV-2-induced damage to rat cortical neuronal networks ex vivo is mediated by the pro-inflammatory activation of the cGAS-STING pathway.Journal of neurovirology · 2025Article
- SARS-CoV-2 innate immune recognition and implications for respiratory health.Cytokine & growth factor reviews · 2025Review
- Discovery of anti-inflammatory compounds from the stem bark of Garcinia latissima through in vitro and in silico approaches.Scientific reports · 2025Article
134 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, has emerged in China in December 2019 and rapidly spread to more than 196 countries worldwide. The physiopathology of human SARS-CoV-2 has not been completely understood, but its pathogenesis has been linked to a disproportionate response of the immune system. Just as described for SARS and MERS, an uncontrolled systemic inflammatory response, known as cytokine release syndrome (CRS) was observed in severe COVID-19 patients. It results from the release by immune and non-immune effector cells of substantial amounts of pro-inflammatory cytokines and appears to contribute to SARS-CoV-2 pulmonary inflammation and extensive lung damage. In addition, hyper-coagulation and thrombosis resulted from the important release of pro-inflammatory cytokines contribute to the lethality of subjects severely infected with SARS-CoV-2. It is therefore essential to have a deep understanding of the various cytokines involved in this exacerbated immune response, and that could be targeted by potential immunological treatments. The aim of this review was to gather the current knowledge about the role of pro-inflammatory cytokines, namely IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-17 and TNFα in SARS-CoV-2 CRS, the probable causes and clinical outcomes of this phenomenon in severe cases of COVID-19.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.