ReviewPharmacological reports : PR2021
Ketamine-50 years in use: from anesthesia to rapid antidepressant effects and neurobiological mechanisms.
Review in Pharmacological reports : PR, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06752759 (Nebulized Ketamine for the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder in an Inpatient Setting), which is not on this map. Cited by 64 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Nebulized Ketamine for the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder in an Inpatient Setting: A Midazolam-controlled Randomized Controlled Trial
Who cites it
64 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Efficacy of esketamine on perioperative anxiety in patients receiving anesthesia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Pooled it
- Unlocking the Potential of Ketamine: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of its Safety and Efficacy in Acute Pain Management.Combinatorial chemistry & high throughput screening · 2025Pooled it
- Use of ketamine in patients with refractory severe asthma exacerbations: systematic review of prospective studies.European journal of clinical pharmacology · 2022Pooled it
- Esketamine-based PCIA combined with intercostal nerve block for acute pain after lobectomy: a randomized controlled trial.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Trial
- Dexmedetomidine versus ketamine for preemptive caudal analgesia in single-level lumbar laminectomy: A randomized controlled trial.Medicine · 2025Trial
- Ketamine's impact on mood after day-case surgery and its relation to obesity: a randomised controlled trial in women undergoing fractional curettage.BMC women's health · 2025Trial
- Effects of Remimazolam Tosilate Combined with Esketamine on Anesthetic Efficacy and Psychiatric Symptoms in Patients Undergoing Ambulatory Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Study.Drug design, development and therapy · 2025Trial
- Esketamine Optimized the Efficacy of Dexmedetomidine in Treating Sleep Disorders with Comorbid Depression.Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment · 2025Trial
- Ketamine and Evolving Neuroplasticity.Clinical drug investigation · 2026Review
- Network pharmacology and experimental verification to explore the therapeutic mechanism of esketamine in postoperative cognitive dysfunction.Molecular and cellular biochemistry · 2026Article
- Psychoactive and Neurobiological Effects of Ketamine in Humans: A Scoping Review of Clinical Evidence.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- The Effect of Ketamine, Xylazine, and Ketamine/Xylazine Administration on SCN5A (Nav1.5) Gene Expression in Pigeons.Veterinary medicine and science · 2026Article
- Bringing Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy to Palliative Oncology: Early Lessons from Real-World Implementation.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Ketamine Dosing Across Clinical Indications: A Narrative Review Organized by Proposed NMDA-Related Mechanisms.Journal of clinical pharmacology · 2026Review
- Hippocampal subfield differences in people with and without recreational ketamine use: Insights from multi-modal neuroimaging.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2026Article
- Effect of ketamine intervention on hemodynamic responses in patients with treatment-resistant depression.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Neuroscientific Basis of Ketamine as an Analgesic and Emerging Role in the Management of Depression.Current pain and headache reports · 2026Review
- Ketamine reduces microglial activation and brain monocyte infiltration and promotes peripheral regulatory immune cells, relieving lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced depressive-like behavior in mice.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Clinical applications of esketamine: Current status and future perspectives.The Journal of international medical research · 2026Review
- Treatment with perampanel alleviates depression-like behavior in mice via modulating GluN2B expression to improve excitatory synaptic transmission.Translational psychiatry · 2026Article
4 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Over the past 50 years, ketamine has solidified its position in both human and veterinary medicine as an important anesthetic with many uses. More recently, ketamine has been studied and used for several new indications, ranging from chronic pain to drug addiction and post-traumatic stress disorder. The discovery of the rapid-acting antidepressant effects of ketamine has resulted in a surge of interest towards understanding the precise mechanisms driving its effects. Indeed, ketamine may have had the largest impact for advancements in the research and treatment of psychiatric disorders in the past few decades. While intense research efforts have been aimed towards uncovering the molecular targets underlying ketamine's effects in treating depression, the underlying neurobiological mechanisms remain elusive. These efforts are made more difficult by ketamine's complex dose-dependent effects on molecular mechanisms, multiple pharmacologically active metabolites, and a mechanism of action associated with the facilitation of synaptic plasticity. This review aims to provide a brief overview of the different uses of ketamine, with an emphasis on examining ketamine's rapid antidepressant effects spanning molecular, cellular, and network levels. Another focus of the review is to offer a perspective on studies related to the different doses of ketamine used in antidepressant research. Finally, the review discusses some of the latest hypotheses concerning ketamine's action.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.