Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33609174›Full record

Trial reportEuropean journal of nutrition2021

Ready-to-eat cereal and milk for breakfast compared with no breakfast has a positive acute effect on cognitive function and subjective state in 11-13-year-olds: a school-based, randomised, controlled, parallel groups trial.

Katie Adolphus, Alexa Hoyland, Jenny Walton, Frits Quadt, Clare L Lawton, Louise Dye

Registry-linked trialAbstract readRandomized Controlled Trial
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Trial report in European journal of nutrition, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT03979027 (Acute Effects of Breakfast Compared With No Breakfast on Cognitive Function and Subjective State in 11-13 Year Old Children), which is not on this map. Cited by 10 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
10citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT03979027 nacompletednot on this map

Acute Effects of Breakfast Compared With No Breakfast on Cognitive Function and Subjective State in 11-13 Year Old Children: A School-based, Randomised, Controlled, Parallel Groups Trial

TypeinterventionalSponsorUniversity of LeedsRan2011 to 2011Enrolled234ConditionsHealthyArmsBreakfast: ready-to-eat-cereal and milk
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

10 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Trial
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  3. Review
  4. Article
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Katie AdolphusHuman Appetite Research Unit, School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK. k.adolphus@leeds.ac.uk.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0655-1025
Alexa HoylandThe Kellogg Company, Orange Tower Media City, Salford, Greater Manchester, UK.
Jenny WaltonHarvestPlus, International Food Policy Research Institute, 1201 Eye Street NW, Washington, DC, 20005, USA.
Frits QuadtQuadt Consultancy BV, Oostvoorne, The Netherlands.
Clare L LawtonHuman Appetite Research Unit, School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2341-0793
Louise DyeHuman Appetite Research Unit, School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2331-4227

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purposeWe tested the acute effect of breakfast (ready-to-eat-cereal [RTEC] and milk) versus (vs.) no breakfast on cognitive function and subjective state in adolescents.

methodsHealthy adolescents (n = 234) aged 11-13 years were recruited to take part in this school-based, acute, randomised, controlled, parallel groups trial with two interventions; Breakfast or No Breakfast. The breakfast intervention consisted of ad libitum intake of RTEC (up to 70 g) with milk (up to 300 ml) administered in a naturalistic school breakfast programme environment. Cognitive function was assessed at baseline and + 70 and + 215 min post-intervention in a group-testing situation, similar to a school classroom context. The CANTAB test battery included: Simple Reaction Time (SRT), 5-Choice Reaction Time (5-CRT), Rapid Visual Information Processing (RVIP), and Paired Associates Learning (PAL; primary outcome). Data collection commenced January 2011 and ended May 2011. This trial was retrospectively registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03979027 on 07/06/2019.

resultsA significant effect of the intervention (CMH[1] = 7.29, p < 0.01) was found for the number of levels achieved on the PAL task. A significant difference between interventions was found when baseline performance reached level 2 (JT, z = 2.58, p < 0.01), such that 100% of participants in the breakfast intervention reached the maximum level 4 but only 41.7% of those in the no breakfast intervention reached level 4. A significant baseline*intervention interaction (F[1,202] = 6.95, p < 0.01) was found for total errors made on the PAL task, indicating that participants who made above-average errors at baseline reduced the total number of errors made at subsequent test sessions following breakfast consumption whilst those in the no breakfast intervention did not. There was a positive effect of breakfast on reaction time and visual-sustained attention. The results also demonstrated interactions of intervention with baseline cognitive performance, such that breakfast conferred a greater advantage for performance when baseline performance was poorer.

conclusionConsuming breakfast has a positive acute effect on cognition in adolescents.

Indexed as

BreakfastEdible GrainAdolescentAnimalsCognitionHumansMilkSchoolsAdolescentsBreakfastCognitionCognitive functionRandomised controlled trial

Identifiers

PMID33609174
PMCPMC8354968

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Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.