ArticleMalaria journal2021
Evaluation of the durability and use of long-lasting insecticidal nets in Nicaragua.
Article in Malaria journal, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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14 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 27 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review of sample size estimation accuracy on power in malaria cluster randomised trials measuring epidemiological outcomes.BMC medical research methodology · 2024Pooled it
- Impact of mass distribution on insecticide-treated net coverage and usage in three high burden malaria provinces of Papua New Guinea.Infectious diseases of poverty · 2026Article
- Where did the nets go? Tracing long-lasting insecticidal net migration on Bioko Island.Malaria journal · 2026Article
- Insights from LLIN post-distribution monitoring surveys in the malaria transmission foci of the Dominican Republic: implications for quantification and distribution strategies.Malaria journal · 2025Article
- The impact of insecticide decay on the rate of insecticide resistance evolution for monotherapies and mixtures.Malaria journal · 2025Article
- Article
- Pilot introduction of long-lasting insecticidal nets and hammock nets in the indigenous Comarca of Guna Yala, Panama.Malaria journal · 2024Article
- Insufficient duration of insecticidal efficacy of YaheMalaria journal · 2024Article
- Physical durability and insecticidal activity of long-lasting insecticidal nets in Cruzeiro do Sul, Brazil.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- WHO cone bioassay boards with or without holes: relevance for bioassay outcomes in long-lasting insecticidal net studies.Malaria journal · 2022Article
- Coating formulation change leads to inferior performance of long-lasting insecticidal nets in Papua New Guinea.Malaria journal · 2022Article
- Comparison of cone bioassay estimates at two laboratories with different Anopheles mosquitoes for quality assurance of pyrethroid insecticide-treated nets.Malaria journal · 2022Article
- Effect of Short-Term Heating on Bioefficacy of Deltamethrin-Coated Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2021Article
- From the factory to the field: considerations of product characteristics for insecticide-treated net (ITN) bioefficacy testing.Malaria journal · 2021Review
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundVector control for malaria prevention relies most often on the use of insecticide-treated bed net (ITNs) and indoor residual spraying. Little is known about the longevity of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) in the Americas. The physical integrity and insecticide retention of LLINs over time were monitored after a bed net distribution campaign to assess community practices around LLIN care and use in Waspam, northeastern Nicaragua.
methodsAt least 30 nets were collected at 6, 12, 24, and 36 months post distribution. Physical integrity was measured by counting holes and classifying nets into categories (good, damaged, and too torn) depending on a proportionate hole index (pHI). Insecticide bioefficacy was assessed using cone bioassays, and insecticide content measured using a cyanopyrethroid field test (CFT).
resultsAt 6 months, 87.3 % of LLINs were in good physical condition, while by 36 months this decreased to 20.6 %, with 38.2 % considered 'too torn.' The median pHI increased from 7 at the 6-month time point to 480.5 by 36 months. After 36 months of use, median mortality in cone bioassays was 2 % (range: 0-6 %) compared to 16 % (range: 2-70 %) at 6 months. There was a decrease in the level of deltamethrin detected on the surface of the LLINs with 100 % of tested LLINs tested at 12 months and 24 months crossing the threshold for being considered a failed net by CFT.
conclusionsThis first comprehensive analysis of LLIN durability in Central America revealed rapid loss of chemical bioefficacy and progressive physical damage over a 36-month period. Use of these findings to guide future LLIN interventions in malaria elimination settings in Nicaragua, and potentially elsewhere in the Americas, could help optimize the successful implementation of vector control strategies.
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