ArticleBMC public health2021
A qualitative study on mixed experiences of discrimination and healthcare access among HIV-positive immigrants in Spain.
Article in BMC public health, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 18 citations in OpenAlex.
- Challenges in conducting research in community settings and community engagement strategies in response.BMC global and public health · 2026Review
- Article
- A metric to measure long-term well-being of people living with HIV in Spain.BMC medicine · 2025Article
- Understanding care experiences amongst immigrant and refugee clients in a Ryan-White funded HIV clinic.Communications medicine · 2025Article
- A scoping review on the impact of austerity on healthcare access in the European Union: rethinking austerity for the most vulnerable.International journal for equity in health · 2023Article
- How International Health System Austerity Responses to the 2008 Financial Crisis Impacted Health System and Workforce Resilience - A Realist Review.International journal of health policy and management · 2023Review
- Healthcare bias and health inequalities towards displaced Syrians in Lebanon: a qualitative study.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
- Healthcare needs of people living with human immunodeficiency virus: A qualitative descriptive study.Nursing open · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundImmigrants are disproportionally impacted by HIV infection in Europe and in Spain. Immigrants are also identified as a vulnerable population during economic crises. Various socioeconomic barriers hinder HIV-positive immigrants from accessing healthcare services in the host country. As a result of the 2008 financial crisis, Spain has implemented multiple austerity measures, one of which was the enactments of Royal Decree Law (RDL) 16/2012 and Royal Decree (RD) 1192/2012 which abolished universal healthcare coverage. In this context, this study examined: 1) Participants' mixed experiences in accessing health care after the enactment of 2012 RDL and RD, and 2) Distress felt by the participants and their experiences as HIV-positive immigrants living in Spain.
methodsParticipants were recruited through a nongovernmental organization (NGO) during routine visits at the center. A total of 12 participants were interviewed to reach data saturation. Participants were HIV-positive immigrants living in Spain for 1 or more years, allowing for substantial experience with navigating the healthcare system. Thematic analysis was performed to identify common themes in participants' experiences living as HIV-positive individuals in Spain and in accessing healthcare.
resultsFour primary themes were identified. The primary systemic barrier to accessing health care encountered by participants was the inability to fulfill the requirement of having proof of registration in an Autonomous Community for the required time period, thus not being able to apply for a public health insurance card and utilize free care services. Participants identified a positive impact of third party (NGO, social worker, friend/family member) guidance on their experience of applying for a public health insurance card. Participants expressed experiencing emotional or physical (eg, side effects of medication) distress in adapting to life as HIV-positive individuals. Participants also identified experiencing discrimination while living as HIV-positive immigrants in Spain.
conclusionsHIV-positive immigrants are underserved in Spain. They encounter systemic barriers while accessing healthcare services, and experience fear and/or discrimination. The study underscores the role of NGOs in helping HIV-positive immigrants navigate the healthcare system. More research is needed on comprehensive approaches to address healthcare needs of HIV-positive immigrants in Spain.
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