ReviewJournal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996)2021
Dystonia updates: definition, nomenclature, clinical classification, and etiology.
Review in Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 42 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
42 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- The epidemiology and phenomenology of non-antipsychotic-induced dystonia: a hybrid systematic-narrative review.European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists · 2025Pooled it
- No reliable gray matter alterations in idiopathic dystonia.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Article
- Application of SPECT/CT muscle imaging in determining the involved muscles in cervical dystonia.Annals of nuclear medicine · 2026Article
- White matter microstructural alterations correlate with clinical characteristics in craniocervical dystonia.Neuroradiology · 2026Article
- Dystonia as an early and prominent feature in a patient with CYP2U1 gene mutation: expanding the phenotype of SPG56-a case report.Orphanet journal of rare diseases · 2026Article
- Identifying High-Risk Medications for Drug-Induced Dystonia: A 20-Year Retrospective Real-World Pharmacovigilance Study Based on FAERS.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Article
- Trends, Hotspots, and Future Directions of Research on Pain in Dystonia: A Bibliometric Analysis.Brain and behavior · 2025Article
- Dystonia Versus Redox Balance: A Preliminary Assessment of Oxidative Stress in Patients.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Combined genomics and proteomics unveils elusive variants and vast aetiologic heterogeneity in dystonia.Brain : a journal of neurology · 2025Article
- Neurobiology of Dystonia: Review of Genetics, Animal Models, and Neuroimaging.Brain sciences · 2025Review
- Dystonia: pathophysiology and the role of acupuncture in treatment.Wiener medizinische Wochenschrift (1946) · 2025Review
- Assessment of quality of life in patients with cervical dystonia and hemifacial spasm after botulinum toxin injections.Acta neurologica Belgica · 2025Article
- Aberrant outputs of glutamatergic neurons in deep cerebellar nuclei mediate dystonic movements.Science advances · 2025Article
- Cerebellar contributions to dystonia: unraveling the role of Purkinje cells and cerebellar nuclei.Dystonia (Lausanne, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Isolated Idiopathic Cervical Dystonia with a Rare Type of Atlantoaxial Dislocation. A Case Report and a Short Literature Review.Orthopedic research and reviews · 2025Article
- Genetic Risk Factors in Isolated Dystonia Escape Genome-Wide Association Studies.Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society · 2024Article
- Does botulinum toxin affect psycho-social aspects in dystonia?Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
A plethora of heterogeneous movement disorders is grouped under the umbrella term dystonia. The clinical presentation ranges from isolated dystonia to multi-systemic disorders where dystonia is only a co-occurring sign. In the past, definitions, nomenclature, and classifications have been repeatedly refined, adapted, and extended to reflect novel findings and increasing knowledge about the clinical, etiologic, and scientific background of dystonia. Currently, dystonia is suggested to be classified according to two axes. The first axis offers precise categories for the clinical presentation grouped into age at onset, body distribution, temporal pattern and associated features. The second, etiologic, axis discriminates pathological findings, as well as inheritance patterns, mode of acquisition, or unknown causality. Furthermore, the recent recommendations regarding terminology and nomenclature of inherited forms of dystonia and related syndromes are illustrated in this article. Harmonized, specific, and internationally widely used classifications provide the basis for future systematic dystonia research, as well as for more personalized patient counseling and treatment approaches.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.