Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33602934›Full record

ArticleNature communications2021

Eltrombopag directly inhibits BAX and prevents cell death.

Adam Z Spitz, Emmanouil Zacharioudakis, Denis E Reyna, Thomas P Garner, Evripidis Gavathiotis

Open access · goldAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Nature communications, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
34citing papers in PubMed
4.5field-weighted citation impact, top 4% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

34 citing papers in PubMed, 69 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. Article
  5. Review
  6. Iron and the immune system.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2025
    Review
  7. Why is schizophrenia a huge graveyard of molecules?Schizophrenia (Heidelberg, Germany) · 2025
    Article
  8. Article
  9. Article
  10. Article
  11. Article
  12. Article
  13. Covalent inhibition of pro-apoptotic BAX.Nature chemical biology · 2024
    Article
  14. Review
  15. Review
  16. Article
  17. Article
  18. Article
  19. Mechanisms of BCL-2 family proteins in mitochondrial apoptosis.Nature reviews. Molecular cell biology · 2023
    Review
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

Adam Z SpitzDepartment of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
Emmanouil ZacharioudakisDepartment of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
Denis E ReynaDepartment of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
Thomas P GarnerDepartment of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
Evripidis GavathiotisDepartment of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA. evripidis.gavathiotis@einsteinmed.org.ORCID 0000-0001-6319-8331
Albert Einstein College of Medicine · US

Funding

WORD PROCESSORP30CA013330 · NCI · YESHIVA UNIVERSITY · PI STEVEN C. ALMO · 1985 to 2026
$111.2M
Role of Autophagy in T Cell Function and Immunosenescence (Project 3)P01AG031782 · NIA · ALBERT EINSTEIN COLLEGE OF MEDICINE, INC · PI GAVATHIOTIS, EVRIPIDIS · 2009 to 2024
$36.2M
MEDICAL SCIENTIST TRAINING PROGRAMT32GM007288 · NIGMS · YESHIVA UNIVERSITY · PI AKABAS, MYLES H. · 1985 to 2022
$35.6M
Small Molecule Activators of Pro-apoptotic BAX for Cancer TherapyR01CA178394 · NCI · ALBERT EINSTEIN COLLEGE OF MEDICINE, INC · PI GAVATHIOTIS, EVRIPIDIS · 2014 to 2024
$3.7M
Console and probe upgrade for 600 MHz NMRS10OD016305 · OD · ALBERT EINSTEIN COLLEGE OF MEDICINE · PI COWBURN, DAVID · 2014 to 2014
$595k
Direct Small Molecule Activation of Pro-apoptotic BAKF30CA228453 · NCI · ALBERT EINSTEIN COLLEGE OF MEDICINE · PI SPITZ, ADAM ZOLTAN · 2019 to 2022
$185k
NCI NIH HHS F30 CA228453NCI NIH HHS P30 CA013330NCI NIH HHS R01 CA178394NIA NIH HHS P01 AG031782NIGMS NIH HHS T32 GM007288NIH HHS S10 OD016305
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The BCL-2 family protein BAX has essential activity in mitochondrial regulation of cell death. While BAX activity ensures tissue homeostasis, when dysregulated it contributes to aberrant cell death in several diseases. During cellular stress BAX is transformed from an inactive cytosolic conformation to a toxic mitochondrial oligomer. Although the BAX transformation process is not well understood, drugs that interfere with this process are useful research tools and potential therapeutics. Here, we show that Eltrombopag,  an FDA-approved drug,  is a direct inhibitor of BAX. Eltrombopag binds the BAX trigger site distinctly from BAX activators, preventing them from triggering BAX conformational transformation and simultaneously promoting stabilization of the inactive BAX structure. Accordingly, Eltrombopag is capable of inhibiting BAX-mediated apoptosis induced by cytotoxic stimuli. Our data demonstrate structure-function insights into a mechanism of BAX inhibition and reveal a mechanism for Eltrombopag that may expand its use in diseases of uncontrolled cell death.

Indexed as

3T3 CellsAnimalsApoptosisbcl-2-Associated X ProteinBenzoatesCell DeathHumansHydrazinesMagnetic Resonance SpectroscopyMiceModels, BiologicalModels, MolecularProtein StabilityPyrazolesbcl-2-Associated X ProteinBenzoateseltrombopagHydrazinesPyrazoles

Identifiers

PMID33602934
PMCPMC7892824
OpenAlexW3131010935

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.