Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33602495›Full record

ArticleCurrent topics in developmental biology2021

Animal development in the microbial world: Re-thinking the conceptual framework.

Thomas C G Bosch, Margaret McFall-Ngai

Open access · greenAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Current topics in developmental biology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
16citing papers in PubMed
18.8field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

16 citing papers in PubMed, 41 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Review
  2. Article
  3. Article
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  5. Article
  6. Article
  7. Evolution of the ocular immune system.Eye (London, England) · 2025
    Review
  8. ThemBio · 2025
    Article
  9. Article
  10. Article
  11. Article
  12. Article
  13. Article
  14. Article
  15. Article
  16. SecretedGut microbes
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

2 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.

Thomas C G BoschZoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany. Electronic address: tbosch@zoologie.uni-kiel.de.
Margaret McFall-NgaiPacific Biosciences Research Center, Kewalo Marine Laboratory, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, United States.
Kiel University · DEUniversity of Hawaii System · US

Funding

The Control of Insect Metabolism through Nutrition-based SymbiosisP20GM125508 · NIGMS · UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII AT MANOA · PI Anthony Amend · 2018 to 2026
$21.2M
Vibrio fischeri as a Model for Bacterial ColonizationR37AI050661 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII AT MANOA · PI MARGARET J MC FALL-NGAI, Edward G Ruby · 2018 to 2026
$5.4M
Vibrio fischeri as a model of Bacterial ColonizationR01AI050661 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN-MADISON · PI MC FALL-NGAI, MARGARET J, RUBY, EDWARD G · 2002 to 2016
$5.0M
Vibrio Virulence Determinants in a Benign ColonizationR01OD011024 · OD · UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN-MADISON · PI MC FALL-NGAI, MARGARET J, RUBY, EDWARD G · 2012 to 2020
$3.9M
Vibrio colonization determinants in symbiosisR01GM135254 · NIGMS · UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII AT MANOA · PI MC FALL-NGAI, MARGARET J, RUBY, EDWARD G · 2020 to 2023
$1.9M
NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI050661NIAID NIH HHS R37 AI050661NIGMS NIH HHS P20 GM125508NIGMS NIH HHS R01 GM135254NIH HHS R01 OD011024
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Animals have evolved within the framework of the microbes and are constantly exposed to diverse microbiota. This dominance of the microbial world is forcing all fields of biology to question some of their most basic premises, with developmental biology being no exception. While animals under laboratory conditions can develop and live without microbes, they are far from normal, and would not survive under natural conditions, where their fitness would be strongly compromised. Since much of the undescribed biodiversity on Earth is microbial, any consideration of animal development in the absence of the recognition of microbes will be incomplete. Here, we show that animal development may never have been autonomous, rather it requires transient or persistent interactions with the microbial world. We propose that to formulate a comprehensive understanding of embryogenesis and post-embryonic development, we must recognize that symbiotic microbes provide important developmental signals and contribute in significant ways to phenotype production. This offers limitless opportunities for the field of developmental biology to expand.

Indexed as

Biological EvolutionSymbiosisAnimalsBacteriaBiofilmsEukaryotaFemaleGastrointestinal MicrobiomeGastrulationImmune SystemMaleRuminantsDevelopmentEmbryogenesisEvolutionMicrobiotaSymbiosis

Identifiers

PMID33602495
PMCPMC8214508
OpenAlexW3128483393

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.