ArticleBiomarker research2021
Expression of immune checkpoints on circulating tumor cells in men with metastatic prostate cancer.
Article in Biomarker research, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 36 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 47 citations in OpenAlex.
- What Do We Have to Know about PD-L1 Expression in Prostate Cancer? A Systematic Literature Review. Part 3: PD-L1, Intracellular Signaling Pathways and Tumor Microenvironment.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Pooled it
- What Do We Have to Know about PD-L1 Expression in Prostate Cancer? A Systematic Literature Review. Part 5: Epigenetic Regulation of PD-L1.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Pooled it
- What Do We Have to Know about PD-L1 Expression in Prostate Cancer? A Systematic Literature Review. Part 4: Experimental Treatments in Pre-Clinical Studies (Cell Lines and Mouse Models).International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Pooled it
- The immune phenotype of circulating tumor cells: from escape mechanisms to immunotherapy navigation.Biomarker research · 2026Review
- PD-L1+ CTCs Are Associated with Adverse Pathological Features and Unfavorable Prognosis in Bladder Cancer.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Beyond PSMA: theranostic cell surface targets in metastatic prostate cancer.Prostate cancer and prostatic diseases · 2026Review
- Genetic Alterations Involved in Immune Escape Mechanisms of Circulating Tumour Cells in Colorectal Carcinogenesis.Cancer medicine · 2026Review
- PD-L1 Expression in Prostate Cancer: Anatomopathological Features, Methodological Pitfalls, and Therapeutic Potential.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Circulating tumour cells are a prognostic indicator in advanced high-grade serous ovarian cancer and are associated with platelets and immune cells following dissemination.British journal of cancer · 2026Article
- Tumor microenvironment-mediated immune evasion and resistance in prostate cancer: mechanisms, cross-talk, and therapeutic opportunities.Clinical and experimental medicine · 2025Review
- Circulating tumour cells for the prediction of the response to radiation therapy in prostate cancer.The British journal of radiology · 2025Review
- Integrative analysis of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and exosomes from small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) patients: a comprehensive approach.Molecular oncology · 2025Article
- Immunomodulation and Immunotherapy for Patients with Prostate Cancer: An Up-to-Date Review.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- PD-L1Journal of translational medicine · 2025Article
- B7-H3-liquid biopsy for the characterization and monitoring of the dynamic biology of prostate cancer.Drug resistance updates : reviews and commentaries in antimicrobial and anticancer chemotherapy · 2025Article
- Advances in the application of PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy for prostate cancer: a review.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Recent Electrochemical Advancements for Liquid-Biopsy Nucleic Acid Detection for Point-of-Care Prostate Cancer Diagnostics and Prognostics.Biosensors · 2024Review
- Circulating tumor cells: from new biological insights to clinical practice.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
16 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundA subset of men with metastatic prostate cancer (mPC) responds to immune checkpoint inhibitors, and there is an unmet need to predict those most likely to benefit. We characterized circulating tumor cells (CTCs) for expression of immune checkpoint ligands in men with mPC as a non-invasive biomarker of immune evasion and immunotherapy benefit.
methodsThree cohorts of patients were enrolled: 1) men with mCRPC starting abiraterone acetate/prednisone or enzalutamide (pre-ARSI), 2) men with mCRPC who were progressing on enzalutamide or abiraterone acetate/prednisone (post-ARSI), and 3) men with newly diagnosed metastatic hormone sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC) starting androgen deprivation therapy. CTCs were captured using the CellSearch® system and stained for PD-L1, PD-L2, B7-H3, and CTLA-4 at baseline, on treatment, and disease progression. Summary statistics on mean CTCs per cohort, as well as rates of ligand positivity were used to analyze CTCs by cohort and by timepoint.
resultsMen in all cohorts and timepoints had prevalent CTC B7-H3 expression (> 80%). We found evidence for CTC PD-L1 expression across disease states, in which > 1 positive CTC or > 50% of CTCs were positive for PD-L1 in 40 and 30% of men with mHSPC, respectively, 60 and 20% of men with mCRPC pre-ARSI, and 70 and 30% of men with mCRPC post-ARSI. CTC PD-L2 expression was present in 20-40% of men in each disease state, while CTC CTLA-4 expression was rare, present in 20% of men with mCRPC pre-ARSI and 10% of men with mCRPC post-ARSI or with mHSPC. CTC immune checkpoint expression was heterogeneous within/between men and across disease states.
conclusionsWe have identified that CTCs from men with mPC heterogeneously express immune checkpoints B7-H3, PD-L1, PD-L2, and CTLA-4, and the detection of these immune checkpoints may enable monitoring on immunotherapy.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.