ReviewJournal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR2021
Emerging dynamics pathways of response and resistance to PD-1 and CTLA-4 blockade: tackling uncertainty by confronting complexity.
Review in Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed.
- Glycosylation-related gene risk model and functional validation of OSTC and TUBA1C in lung adenocarcinoma.Respiratory research · 2026Article
- Association between intra- and peritumoral heterogeneity on B-mode ultrasound and overall survival in patients with liver metastases treated with immunotherapy.European radiology experimental · 2026Article
- Clinical application of cytokine-induced killer cells in cancer immunotherapy.Cancer cell international · 2026Review
- Nanotechnology Meets Immunotherapy: Crosstalks Against Cancer.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2026Review
- Article
- Metal-based nanodrugs for cancer immunotherapy: smart nanosystems, immunomodulatory mechanisms, and translational perspectives.Frontiers in chemistry · 2026Review
- Understanding the Tumor Microenvironmental Mechanisms Driving Immunotherapy Resistance in Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastases.Oncology research · 2026Review
- Emerging photothermal agents combined with immunotherapy for cancer treatment.Discover oncology · 2025Review
- Immune evasion in cancer: mechanisms and cutting-edge therapeutic approaches.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2025Review
- Dual role of interferon-gamma in the response of melanoma patients to immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors.Molecular cancer · 2025Review
- A systems biology approach to unveil shared therapeutic targets and pathological pathways across major human cancers.Computational and structural biotechnology journal · 2025Article
- Optimizing early-phase immunotherapy trials: the role of biomarker enrichment strategies.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Senescent immune cells in the tumor microenvironment: emerging insights into cancer immunotherapy resistance.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Stable triangle: nanomedicine-based synergistic application of phototherapy and immunotherapy for tumor treatment.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2024Review
- Targeting cytotoxic lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) in breast cancer.European journal of medical research · 2024Review
- Decoding Immuno-Competence: A Novel Analysis of Complete Blood Cell Count Data in COVID-19 Outcomes.Biomedicines · 2024Article
- Immunotherapy revolutionizing brain metastatic cancer treatment: personalized strategies for transformative outcomes.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Morusin shows potent antitumor activity for melanoma through apoptosis induction and proliferation inhibition.BMC cancer · 2023Article
- Integration of liquid biopsy and immunotherapy: opening a new era in colorectal cancer treatment.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Serum immune mediators as novel predictors of response to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy in non-small cell lung cancer patients with high tissue-PD-L1 expression.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors provide considerable therapeutic benefit in a range of solid cancers as well as in a subgroup of hematological malignancies. Response rates are however suboptimal, and despite considerable efforts, predicting response to immune checkpoint inhibitors ahead of their administration in a given patient remains elusive. The study of the dynamics of the immune system and of the tumor under immune checkpoint blockade brought insight into the mechanisms of action of these therapeutic agents. Equally relevant are the mechanisms of adaptive resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors that have been uncovered through this approach. In this review, we discuss the dynamics of the immune system and of the tumor under immune checkpoint blockade emanating from recent studies on animal models and humans. We will focus on mechanisms of action and of resistance conveying information predictive of therapeutic response.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.