Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33601682›Full record

ArticleJournal of affective disorders2021

Potential predictors of depressive symptoms during the initial stage of the COVID-19 outbreak among Brazilian adults.

A A Schmitt, Augusto Mädke Brenner, Lucas Primo de Carvalho Alves, Felipe César de Almeida Claudino, Marcelo Pio de Almeida Fleck, Neusa Sica Rocha

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of affective disorders, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
19citing papers in PubMed, 3 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

19 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
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  4. Social support and life-threatening behavior in online psychotherapy patients: a possible "pulling-together effect" during COVID-19.Psicologia, reflexao e critica : revista semestral do Departamento de Psicologia da UFRGS · 2026
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

A A SchmittCenter of Clinical Research, Center of Experiamental Research, and Psychiatric Service Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil; I-QOL Inovations and Interventions for Quality of Life Research Group, Brazil. Electronic address: aaschmittjr@gmail.com.
Augusto Mädke BrennerCenter of Clinical Research, Center of Experiamental Research, and Psychiatric Service Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil; I-QOL Inovations and Interventions for Quality of Life Research Group, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil.
Lucas Primo de Carvalho AlvesCenter of Clinical Research, Center of Experiamental Research, and Psychiatric Service Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil; I-QOL Inovations and Interventions for Quality of Life Research Group, Brazil.
Felipe César de Almeida ClaudinoCenter of Clinical Research, Center of Experiamental Research, and Psychiatric Service Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil; I-QOL Inovations and Interventions for Quality of Life Research Group, Brazil.
Marcelo Pio de Almeida FleckCenter of Clinical Research, Center of Experiamental Research, and Psychiatric Service Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.
Neusa Sica RochaCenter of Clinical Research, Center of Experiamental Research, and Psychiatric Service Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil; I-QOL Inovations and Interventions for Quality of Life Research Group, Brazil.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundIn early 2020, Sars-Cov-2 was identified in China as a new coronavirus. Due to its transmission, Sars-Cov-2 has spread rapidly across the world. In the early stage of the disease outbreak, psychiatric symptoms have been reported, including depressive symptoms. In this study, we assessed the prevalence of depressive symptoms in quarantine and its association with sociodemographic variables and known protective factors for depression, such as spirituality, social support, resilience, and quality of life.

methodsA cross-sectional web-based questionnaire was distributed via social media. The instruments consisted of the 8-item EUROHIS-QOL, PHQ-9, Social Support Questionnaire, WHOQoL-SRPB, and CD-RISC.

resultsA total of 3,274 participants were included in this study. 23.67% of the participants met the criteria for a depressive episode. Higher age, spirituality, social support, resiliency, and quality of life were associated with less depressive symptoms. Quarantine length; mental health treatment; chronic disease; age; sex; lower levels of spirituality, social support, resilience, quality of life, physical exercise, and education; and unpaid occupation were found to be predictors of depressive symptoms during COVID-19 quarantine. LIMITATIONS: The data are limited to the pandemic initial period, the sample isn't random and the use of self-reported questionnaires are some limitations of our study.

conclusionsDuring the initial phase of the COVID-19 outbreak in Brazil, quarantine time, treatment for mental health, chronic illness, lower levels of education, and unpaid occupation were positively associated with depressive symptoms. Age, sex, spirituality, social support, resilience, quality of life, and physical exercise showed a negative relationship with depressive symptoms.

Indexed as

COVID-19DepressionAdultAnxietyBrazilChinaCross-Sectional StudiesDisease OutbreaksHumansQuality of LifeSARS-CoV-2Surveys and QuestionnairesCOVID-19Depressive symptomsQuarantine

Identifiers

PMID33601682
PMCPMC7832486

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.