ArticleJournal of clinical virology : the official publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology2021
Interactions between seasonal human coronaviruses and implications for the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: A retrospective study in Stockholm, Sweden, 2009-2020.
Article in Journal of clinical virology : the official publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 35 citations in OpenAlex.
- Signs of Cross-Reactivity Between SARS-CoV-2 and Other Coronaviruses in a Pre-Vaccine Swedish School Setting.Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992) · 2026Article
- A decade of endemic human coronaviruses: epidemiological patterns and clinical significance in an adult cohort at a tertiary care hospital in Germany.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Genetic diversity of respiratory syncytial virus in children with community-acquired pneumonia in Guangzhou: an epidemiological update.Pediatric research · 2026Observational
- Cryptic Circulation and Co-Infections of Endemic Human Coronaviruses During the First Years of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Brazil.Advances in respiratory medicine · 2025Article
- Neutral Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Coinfection on the Recombination-Driven Evolution of Endemic HCoV-OC43.Viruses · 2025Article
- Adaptive immune responses against common viruses are sustained and functional in end-of-life patients.iScience · 2025Article
- What Lessons can Be Learned From the Management of the COVID-19 Pandemic?International journal of public health · 2025Review
- Global Epidemiology and Seasonality of Human Seasonal Coronaviruses: A Systematic Review.Open forum infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Influenza-like illness symptoms due to endemic human coronavirus reinfections are not influenced by the length of the interval separating reinfections.Microbiology spectrum · 2024Article
- Influence of Seasonality and Public-Health Interventions on the COVID-19 Pandemic in Northern Europe.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- Seasonality of endemic COVID-19.mBio · 2023Article
- Functional SARS-CoV-2 cross-reactive CD4Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2023Article
- SARS-CoV-2 infections elicit higher levels of original antigenic sin antibodies compared with SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccinations.Cell reports · 2022Article
- Seasonality of Common Human Coronaviruses, United States, 2014-2021Emerging infectious diseases · 2022Review
- Decreased Passive Immunity to Respiratory Viruses through Human Milk during the COVID-19 Pandemic.Microbiology spectrum · 2022Article
- The past, current and future epidemiological dynamic of SARS-CoV-2.Oxford open immunology · 2022Review
- Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 induced by infection or vaccination.Journal of internal medicine · 2022Review
- Immunological and Genetic Investigation of SARS-CoV-2 Reinfection in an Otherwise Healthy, Young Marine Recruit.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- How immunity from and interaction with seasonal coronaviruses can shape SARS-CoV-2 epidemiology.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2021Article
- Seropositivity in blood donors and pregnant women during the first year of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in Stockholm, Sweden.Journal of internal medicine · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesThe four seasonal coronaviruses 229E, NL63, OC43, and HKU1 are frequent causes of respiratory infections and show annual and seasonal variation. Increased understanding about these patterns could be informative about the epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2.
methodsResults from PCR diagnostics for the seasonal coronaviruses, and other respiratory viruses, were obtained for 55,190 clinical samples analyzed at the Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden, between 14 September 2009 and 2 April 2020.
resultsSeasonal coronaviruses were detected in 2130 samples (3.9 %) and constituted 8.1 % of all virus detections. OC43 was most commonly detected (28.4 % of detections), followed by NL63 (24.0 %), HKU1 (17.6 %), and 229E (15.3 %). The overall fraction of positive samples was similar between seasons, but at species level there were distinct biennial alternating peak seasons for the Alphacoronaviruses, 229E and NL63, and the Betacoronaviruses, OC43 and HKU1, respectively. The Betacoronaviruses peaked earlier in the winter season (Dec-Jan) than the Alphacoronaviruses (Feb-Mar). Coronaviruses were detected across all ages, but diagnostics were more frequently requested for paediatric patients than adults and the elderly. OC43 and 229E incidence was relatively constant across age strata, while that of NL63 and HKU1 decreased with age.
conclusionsBoth the Alphacoronaviruses and Betacoronaviruses showed alternating biennial winter incidence peaks, which suggests some type of immune mediated interaction. Symptomatic reinfections in adults and the elderly appear relatively common. Both findings may be of relevance for the epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.