Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33599615›Full record

ArticleJournal of medical Internet research2021

Adoption of Electronic Health Records (EHRs) in China During the Past 10 Years: Consecutive Survey Data Analysis and Comparison of Sino-American Challenges and Experiences.

Jun Liang, Ying Li, Zhongan Zhang, Dongxia Shen, Jie Xu, Xu Zheng, Tong Wang, Buzhou Tang, Jianbo Lei, Jiajie Zhang

Open access · goldAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of medical Internet research, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 47 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
47citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
11.1field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

47 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 101 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. A Systematic Review of Electronic Medical Record Driven Quality Measurement and Feedback Systems.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022
    Pooled it
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  6. Recent Advances in AI and GenAI for Health Informatics.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026
    Review
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  19. MedComm · 2025
    Article
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors at 7 institutions in 2 countries.

Jun LiangIT Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.ORCID 0000-0002-0551-6706
Ying LiDepartment of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.ORCID 0000-0002-1143-1258
Zhongan ZhangPerformance Management Department, Qingdao Central Hospital, Qingdao, China.ORCID 0000-0002-1644-5253
Dongxia ShenEditorial Department, Journal of Practical Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.ORCID 0000-0003-1788-2655
Jie XuIT Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.ORCID 0000-0002-6352-5387
Xu ZhengCenter for Medical Informatics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.ORCID 0000-0001-5523-7177
Tong WangSchool of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China.ORCID 0000-0002-4422-6197
Buzhou TangShenzhen Graduate School, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, China.ORCID 0000-0003-0271-8246
Jianbo LeiCenter for Medical Informatics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.ORCID 0000-0002-1744-0235
Jiajie ZhangSchool of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX, United States.ORCID 0000-0001-6182-4044
Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University · CNPeking University · CNAffiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University · CNHarbin Institute of Technology · CNJilin University · CNQingdao University · CNThe University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston · US

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundThe adoption rate of electronic health records (EHRs) in hospitals has become a main index to measure digitalization in medicine in each country.

objectiveThis study summarizes and shares the experiences with EHR adoption in China and in the United States.

methodsUsing the 2007-2018 annual hospital survey data from the Chinese Health Information Management Association (CHIMA) and the 2008-2017 United States American Hospital Association Information Technology Supplement survey data, we compared the trends in EHR adoption rates in China and the United States. We then used the Bass model to fit these data and to analyze the modes of diffusion of EHRs in these 2 countries. Finally, using the 2007, 2010, and 2014 CHIMA and Healthcare Information and Management Systems Services survey data, we analyzed the major challenges faced by hospitals in China and the United States in developing health information technology.

resultsFrom 2007 to 2018, the average adoption rates of the sampled hospitals in China increased from 18.6% to 85.3%, compared to the increase from 9.4% to 96% in US hospitals from 2008 to 2017. The annual average adoption rates in Chinese and US hospitals were 6.1% and 9.6%, respectively. However, the annual average number of hospitals adopting EHRs was 1500 in China and 534 in the US, indicating that the former might require more effort. Both countries faced similar major challenges for hospital digitalization.

conclusionsThe adoption rates of hospital EHRs in China and the United States have both increased significantly in the past 10 years. The number of hospitals that adopted EHRs in China exceeded 16,000, which was 3.3 times that of the 4814 nonfederal US hospitals. This faster adoption outcome may have been a benefit of top-level design and government-led policies, particularly the inclusion of EHR adoption as an important indicator for performance evaluation and the appointment of public hospitals.

Indexed as

Data AnalysisChinaElectronic Health RecordsHumansSurveys and QuestionnairesTime FactorsUnited Stateselectronic health recordshealth information technologieshospitalsmedical informaticsSino-American

Identifiers

PMID33599615
PMCPMC7932845
OpenAlexW3131100818

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.