ArticleJournal of general internal medicine2021
Individual and Community Factors Associated with Naloxone Co-prescribing Among Long-term Opioid Patients: a Retrospective Analysis.
Article in Journal of general internal medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 29 citations in OpenAlex.
- Double Jeopardy: Risks of Opioid-Benzodiazepine Co-prescription in Older Adults with Gastrointestinal Cancer.Annals of surgical oncology · 2026Article
- Enhancing Naloxone Distribution for Opioid Users in the USA: A Cost-Utility Analysis of Academic Detailing to Clinicians.Applied health economics and health policy · 2025Article
- People entering opioid substance use treatment have low rates of naloxone knowledge and possession.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2025Article
- Naloxone Prescribing Among Long-Term Opioid-Prescribed Patients: Disparities and Opportunities.Cureus · 2025Article
- Clinical Decision Support to Increase Emergency Department Naloxone Coprescribing: Implementation Report.JMIR medical informatics · 2024Article
- Price Sensitivity and Information Barriers to the Take-Up of Naloxone.American economic journal. Economic policy · 2024Article
- Naloxone co-prescriptions for surgery patients prescribed opioids: A retrospective cohort study.Surgery in practice and science · 2023Article
- Differences in medicaid expansion effects on buprenorphine treatment utilization by county rurality and income: A pharmacy data claims analysis from 2009-2018.Drug and alcohol dependence reports · 2023Article
- An Exploratory Analysis of Differential Prescribing of High-Risk Opioids by Insurance Type Among Patients Seen by the Same Clinician.Journal of general internal medicine · 2023Article
- High opioid doses, naloxone, and central nervous system active medications received by Medicare-enrolled adults.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · 2023Article
- Accuracy and validity of reported opioid prescription days' supply.Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety · 2022Article
- A longitudinal study of naloxone opioid overdose awareness and reversal training for first-year medical students: specific elements require reinforcement.Harm reduction journal · 2022Article
- Naloxone therapy for prescription and illicit opioid poisoning cases aged 50 + in the national poison data system, 2015-2020.Clinical toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2022Article
- The role of managed care pharmacy in coprescribing naloxone for patients with specific risk: recommendations from the AMCP Addiction Advisory Group.Journal of managed care & specialty pharmacy · 2022Article
- Pharmacy naloxone codispensing: A mixed methods study of practices and perspectives under a statewide standing order program.Journal of the American Pharmacists Association : JAPhAArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundNaloxone co-prescribing to individuals at increased opioid overdose risk is a key component of opioid overdose prevention efforts.
objectiveExamine naloxone co-prescribing in the general population and assess how co-prescribing varies by individual and community characteristics.
designRetrospective cross-sectional study. We conducted a multivariable logistic regression of 2017-2018 de-identified pharmacy claims representing 90% of all prescriptions filled at retail pharmacies in 50 states and the District of Columbia. PATIENTS: Individuals with opioid analgesic treatment episodes > 90 days MAIN MEASURES: Outcome was co-prescribed naloxone. Predictor variables included insurance type, primary prescriber specialty, receipt of concomitant benzodiazepines, high-dose opioid episode, county urbanicity, fatal overdose rates, poverty rates, and primary care health professional shortage areas. KEY
resultsNaloxone co-prescribing occurred in 2.3% of long-term opioid therapy episodes. Medicaid (aOR 1.87, 95%CI 1.84 to 1.90) and Medicare (aOR 1.48, 95%CI 1.46 to 1.51) episodes had higher odds of naloxone co-prescribing than commercial insurance episodes, while cash pay (aOR 0.77, 95%CI 0.74 to 0.80) and other insurance episodes (aOR 0.81, 95%CI 0.79 to 0.83) had lower odds. Odds of naloxone co-prescribing were higher among high-dose opioid episodes (aOR 3.19, 95%CI 3.15 to 3.23), when concomitant benzodiazepines were prescribed (aOR 1.12, 95%CI 1.10 to 1.14), and in counties with higher fatal overdose rates.
conclusionCo-prescription of naloxone represents a tangible clinical action that can be taken to help prevent opioid overdose deaths. However, despite recommendations to co-prescribe naloxone to patients at increased risk for opioid overdose, we found that co-prescribing rates remain low overall. States, insurers, and health systems should consider implementing strategies to facilitate increased co-prescribing of naloxone to at-risk individuals.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.