ArticleBMJ open2021
Impact of temperature and relative humidity on the transmission of COVID-19: a modelling study in China and the United States.
Article in BMJ open, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04798677 (Efficacy and Tolerability of a Nutritional Supplementation With ABBC-1, a Symbiotic Combination of Beta-glucans and Selenium and Zinc Enriched Probiotics, in Volunteers Receiving the Influenza or the Covid-19 Vaccines), which is not on this map. Cited by 84 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Efficacy and Tolerability of a Nutritional Supplementation With ABBC-1, a Symbiotic Combination of Beta-glucans and Selenium and Zinc Enriched Probiotics, in Volunteers Receiving the Influenza or the Covid-19 Vaccines
Who cites it
84 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 162 citations in OpenAlex.
- COVID-19 in Space: Possible Health Risks and Preparedness Guidelines.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Pooled it
- Impact of temperature and humidity on SARS-CoV-2 transmissibility: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2025Pooled it
- A meta-analysis result: Uneven influences of season, geo-spatial scale and latitude on relationship between meteorological factors and the COVID-19 transmission.Environmental research · 2022Pooled it
- Measuring the impact of climate and air quality on COVID-19 transmission dynamics: a tale of two cities in pandemic preparedness.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Rising dengue risk with increasing El Niño-Southern Oscillation amplitude and teleconnections.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Retrospective Single-Center Study on the Epidemiological Characteristics of Influenza B Infections in Korea (2007-2024): Analysis of Sex, Age, and Seasonal Patterns.Microorganisms · 2025Article
- Factors predictive of epidemic waves of COVID-19 in Africa during the first 2 years of the pandemic.IJID regions · 2025Article
- Effects of temperature and environmental covariates on the dynamic transmission of hand, foot, and mouth disease in Zhejiang, China.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Article
- Meteorological determinants of hepatitis E dynamics in Jiangsu Province, China: a pre-COVID-19 era study focusing on multi-route transmission (2005-2018).Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Meteorological factors, population immunity, and COVID-19 incidence: A global multi-city analysis.Environmental epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2024Article
- Rain, rain, go away, come again another day: do climate variations enhance the spread of COVID-19?Globalization and health · 2024Review
- A Bayesian spatio-temporal model of COVID-19 spread in England.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- The impact of spatial connectivity on NPIs effectiveness.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Article
- As air relative humidity increases, infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 decreases within water droplets.QRB discovery · 2024Article
- Population infection estimation from wastewater surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 in Nagpur, India during the second pandemic wave.PloS one · 2024Article
- Climate and COVID-19 transmission: a cross-sectional study in Africa.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- The complex interplay between weather, social activity, and COVID-19 in the US.SSM - population health · 2023Article
- Differences in airborne stability of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern is impacted by alkalinity of surrogates of respiratory aerosol.Journal of the Royal Society, Interface · 2023Article
- A review on indoor environmental quality in sports facilities: Indoor air quality and ventilation during a pandemic.Indoor + built environment : the journal of the International Society of the Built Environment · 2023Article
- Insight into vaccination and meteorological factors on daily COVID-19 cases and mortality in Bangladesh.Groundwater for sustainable development · 2023Article
24 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesWe aim to assess the impact of temperature and relative humidity on the transmission of COVID-19 across communities after accounting for community-level factors such as demographics, socioeconomic status and human mobility status.
designA retrospective cross-sectional regression analysis via the Fama-MacBeth procedure is adopted.
settingWe use the data for COVID-19 daily symptom-onset cases for 100 Chinese cities and COVID-19 daily confirmed cases for 1005 US counties.
participantsA total of 69 498 cases in China and 740 843 cases in the USA are used for calculating the effective reproductive numbers. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Regression analysis of the impact of temperature and relative humidity on the effective reproductive number (
resultsStatistically significant negative correlations are found between temperature/relative humidity and the effective reproductive number (
conclusionsHigher temperature and higher relative humidity potentially suppress the transmission of COVID-19. Specifically, an increase in temperature by 1°C is associated with a reduction in the
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