ArticlePloS one2021
Iota-carrageenan neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 and inhibits viral replication in vitro.
Article in PloS one, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 55 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
55 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 109 citations in OpenAlex.
- Efficacy of Mouth Rinses and Nasal Spray in the Inactivation of SARS-CoV-2: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis ofInternational journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Pooled it
- Decongestant Effect of "Coldamaris Akut", a Carrageenan- and Sorbitol-Containing Nasal Spray in Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis.International journal of general medicine · 2024Trial
- The Saliva of Probands Sucking an Iota-Carrageenan Containing Lozenge Inhibits Viral Binding and Replication of the Most Predominant Common Cold Viruses and SARS-CoV-2.International journal of general medicine · 2021Trial
- Targeting virus-glycan recognition in influenza viruses and coronaviruses: from the molecular principles to glycomimetic antivirals strategies.RSC chemical biology · 2026Review
- Article
- Unlocking the Potential of Red Seaweeds: A Special Focus onMarine drugs · 2025Review
- Applications of Surface Plasmon Resonance in Heparan Sulfate Interactome Research.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Synergistic Antiviral Activity of European Black Elderberry Fruit Extract and Quinine Against SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza A Virusa.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Sustainable and biocompatible hybrid materials-based sulfated polysaccharides for biomedical applications: a review.RSC advances · 2025Review
- Antiviral activity of natural and modified hydrocolloids: main sources, susceptible viruses, structure-activity relationship and mechanisms of action.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Review
- Therapeutic applications of carbohydrate-based compounds: a sweet solution for medical advancement.Molecular diversity · 2024Review
- Oceanic Breakthroughs: Marine-Derived Innovations in Vaccination, Therapy, and Immune Health.Vaccines · 2024Review
- Marine-Derived Bioactive Metabolites as a Potential Therapeutic Intervention in Managing Viral Diseases: Insights from the SARS-CoV-2 In Silico and Pre-Clinical Studies.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Nanotechnology-driven improvisation of red algae-derived carrageenan for industrial and bio-medical applications.World journal of microbiology & biotechnology · 2023Review
- Sulfated Polysaccharides from Seaweeds: A Promising Strategy for Combatting Viral Diseases-A Review.Marine drugs · 2023Review
- Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Activity of Polysaccharides Extracted fromMarine drugs · 2023Article
- Sulfated polysaccharides act as baits to interfere with the binding of the spike protein (SARS-CoV-2) to the ACE2 receptor and can be administered through food.Journal of functional foods · 2023Article
- Review
- Carrageenan fromBiosensors · 2023Article
- The diverse role of heparan sulfate and other GAGs in SARS-CoV-2 infections and therapeutics.Carbohydrate polymers · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In the absence of a vaccine and other effective prophylactic or therapeutic countermeasures the severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) remains a significant public health threat. Attachment and entry of coronaviruses including SARS-CoV-2 is mainly mediated by the spike glycoprotein. Here, we show that iota-carrageenan can inhibit the cell entry of the SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudotyped lentivirus in a dose dependent manner. SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudotyped lentivirus particles were efficiently neutralized with an IC50 value of 2.6 μg/ml iota-carrageenan. Experiments with patient isolated wild type SARS-CoV-2 virus showed an inhibition of replication in a similar range. In vitro data on iota-carrageenan against various Rhino- and endemic Coronaviruses showed similar IC50 values and translated readily into clinical effectiveness when a nasal spray containing iota-carrageenan demonstrated a reduction of severity and duration of symptoms of common cold caused by various respiratory viruses. Accordingly, our in vitro data on SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudotyped lentivirus and replication competent SARS-CoV-2 suggest that administration of iota-carrageenan may be an effective and safe prophylaxis or treatment for SARS-CoV-2 infections.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.